Update synapse/storage/databases/main/events_worker.py

Co-authored-by: Eric Eastwood <eric.eastwood@beta.gouv.fr>
Have _filter_results_by_stream handle null instance_name
2025-12-07 01:20:16 +00:00 · 2024-07-05 09:46:07 +01:00 · 2024-07-05 09:43:48 +01:00 · 2024-07-05 09:36:32 +01:00 · 2024-07-04 17:25:24 +01:00 · 2024-07-04 17:21:41 +01:00
191 changed files with 17401 additions and 3353 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 (using a matrix.org account if necessary). We do not use GitHub issues for
 support.

-**If you want to report a security issue** please see https://matrix.org/security-disclosure-policy/
+**If you want to report a security issue** please see https://element.io/security/security-disclosure-policy
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/BUG_REPORT.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/BUG_REPORT.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ body:
        **THIS IS NOT A SUPPORT CHANNEL!**
        **IF YOU HAVE SUPPORT QUESTIONS ABOUT RUNNING OR CONFIGURING YOUR OWN HOME SERVER**, please ask in **[#synapse:matrix.org](https://matrix.to/#/#synapse:matrix.org)** (using a matrix.org account if necessary).

-        If you want to report a security issue, please see https://matrix.org/security-disclosure-policy/
+        If you want to report a security issue, please see https://element.io/security/security-disclosure-policy

        This is a bug report form. By following the instructions below and completing the sections with your information, you will help the us to get all the necessary data to fix your issue.

--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build and push all platforms
        id: build-and-push
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
        with:
          push: true
          labels: |
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-pr-netlify.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-pr-netlify.yaml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
      # There's a 'download artifact' action, but it hasn't been updated for the workflow_run action
      # (https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/issues/60) so instead we get this mess:
      - name: 📥 Download artifact
-        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@09f2f74827fd3a8607589e5ad7f9398816f540fe # v3.1.4
+        uses: dawidd6/action-download-artifact@bf251b5aa9c2f7eeb574a96ee720e24f801b7c11 # v6
        with:
          workflow: docs-pr.yaml
          run_id: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
--- a/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-11]
+        os: [ubuntu-20.04, macos-12]
        arch: [x86_64, aarch64]
        # is_pr is a flag used to exclude certain jobs from the matrix on PRs.
        # It is not read by the rest of the workflow.
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ jobs:
        exclude:
          # Don't build macos wheels on PR CI.
          - is_pr: true
-            os: "macos-11"
+            os: "macos-12"
          # Don't build aarch64 wheels on mac.
-          - os: "macos-11"
+          - os: "macos-12"
            arch: aarch64
          # Don't build aarch64 wheels on PR CI.
          - is_pr: true
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ jobs:
          python-version: "3.x"

      - name: Install cibuildwheel
-        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.16.2
+        run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==2.19.1

      - name: Set up QEMU to emulate aarch64
        if: matrix.arch == 'aarch64'
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ jobs:
      trial: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/') || steps.filter.outputs.trial }}
      integration: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/') || steps.filter.outputs.integration }}
      linting: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/') || steps.filter.outputs.linting }}
+      linting_readme: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/') || steps.filter.outputs.linting_readme }}
    steps:
    - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
      id: filter
@@ -72,6 +73,9 @@ jobs:
            - 'pyproject.toml'
            - 'poetry.lock'
            - '.github/workflows/tests.yml'
+          
+          linting_readme:
+            - 'README.rst'

  check-sampleconfig:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -269,6 +273,20 @@ jobs:

      - run: cargo fmt --check

+  # This is to detect issues with the rst file, which can otherwise cause issues
+  # when uploading packages to PyPi.
+  lint-readme:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: changes
+    if: ${{ needs.changes.outputs.linting_readme == 'true' }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
+      - run: "pip install rstcheck"
+      - run: "rstcheck --report-level=WARNING README.rst"
+
  # Dummy step to gate other tests on without repeating the whole list
  linting-done:
    if: ${{ !cancelled() }} # Run this even if prior jobs were skipped
@@ -284,6 +302,7 @@ jobs:
      - lint-clippy
      - lint-clippy-nightly
      - lint-rustfmt
+      - lint-readme
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: matrix-org/done-action@v2
@@ -301,6 +320,7 @@ jobs:
            lint-clippy
            lint-clippy-nightly
            lint-rustfmt
+            lint-readme


  calculate-test-jobs:
@@ -479,6 +499,9 @@ jobs:
      volumes:
        - ${{ github.workspace }}:/src
      env:
+        # If this is a pull request to a release branch, use that branch as default branch for sytest, else use develop
+        # This works because the release script always create a branch on the sytest repo with the same name as the release branch
+        SYTEST_DEFAULT_BRANCH: ${{ startsWith(github.base_ref, 'release-') && github.base_ref || 'develop' }}
        SYTEST_BRANCH: ${{ github.head_ref }}
        POSTGRES: ${{ matrix.job.postgres && 1}}
        MULTI_POSTGRES: ${{ (matrix.job.postgres == 'multi-postgres') || '' }}
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,3 +1,201 @@
+# Synapse 1.110.0rc3 (2024-07-02)
+
+### Bugfixes
+
+- Fix bug where `/sync` requests could get blocked indefinitely after an upgrade from Synapse versions before v1.109.0. ([\#17386](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17386), [\#17391](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17391))
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Limit size of presence EDUs to 50 entries. ([\#17371](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17371))
+- Fix building debian package for debian sid. ([\#17389](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17389))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.110.0rc2 (2024-06-26)
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Fix uploading packages to PyPi. ([\#17363](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17363))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.110.0rc1 (2024-06-26)
+
+### Features
+
+- Add initial implementation of an experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17187](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17187))
+- Add experimental support for [MSC3823](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3823) - Account suspension. ([\#17255](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17255))
+- Improve ratelimiting in Synapse. ([\#17256](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17256))
+- Add support for the unstable [MSC4151](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4151) report room API. ([\#17270](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17270), [\#17296](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17296))
+- Filter for public and empty rooms added to Admin-API [List Room API](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/admin_api/rooms.html#list-room-api). ([\#17276](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17276))
+- Add `is_dm` filtering to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17277](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17277))
+- Add `is_encrypted` filtering to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17281](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17281))
+- Include user membership in events served to clients, per [MSC4115](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4115). ([\#17282](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17282))
+- Do not require user-interactive authentication for uploading cross-signing keys for the first time, per [MSC3967](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3967). ([\#17284](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17284))
+- Add `stream_ordering` sort to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17293](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17293))
+- `register_new_matrix_user` now supports a --password-file flag, which
+  is useful for scripting. ([\#17294](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17294))
+- `register_new_matrix_user` now supports a --exists-ok flag to allow registration of users that already exist in the database.
+  This is useful for scripts that bootstrap user accounts with initial passwords. ([\#17304](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17304))
+- Add support for via query parameter from [MSC4156](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4156). ([\#17322](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17322))
+- Add `is_invite` filtering to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17335](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17335))
+- Support [MSC3916](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/blob/rav/authentication-for-media/proposals/3916-authentication-for-media.md) by adding a federation /download endpoint. ([\#17350](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17350))
+
+### Bugfixes
+
+- Fix searching for users with their exact localpart whose ID includes a hyphen. ([\#17254](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17254))
+- Fix wrong retention policy being used when filtering events. ([\#17272](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17272))
+- Fix bug where OTKs were not always included in `/sync` response when using workers. ([\#17275](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17275))
+- Fix a long-standing bug where an invalid 'from' parameter to [`/notifications`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.10/client-server-api/#get_matrixclientv3notifications) would result in an Internal Server Error. ([\#17283](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17283))
+- Fix edge case in `/sync` returning the wrong the state when using sharded event persisters. ([\#17295](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17295))
+- Add initial implementation of an experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint. ([\#17301](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17301))
+- Fix email notification subject when invited to a space. ([\#17336](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17336))
+
+### Improved Documentation
+
+- Add missing quotes for example for `exclude_rooms_from_sync`. ([\#17308](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17308))
+- Update header in the README to visually fix the the auto-generated table of contents. ([\#17329](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17329))
+- Fix stale references to the Foundation's Security Disclosure Policy. ([\#17341](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17341))
+- Add default values for `rc_invites.per_issuer` to docs. ([\#17347](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17347))
+- Fix an error in the docs for `search_all_users` parameter under `user_directory`. ([\#17348](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17348))
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Remove unused `expire_access_token` option in the Synapse Docker config file. Contributed by @AaronDewes. ([\#17198](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17198))
+- Use fully-qualified `PersistedEventPosition` when returning `RoomsForUser` to facilitate proper comparisons and `RoomStreamToken` generation. ([\#17265](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17265))
+- Add debug logging for when room keys are uploaded, including whether they are replacing other room keys. ([\#17266](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17266))
+- Handle OTK uploads off master. ([\#17271](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17271))
+- Don't try and resync devices for remote users whose servers are marked as down. ([\#17273](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17273))
+- Re-organize Pydantic models and types used in handlers. ([\#17279](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17279))
+- Expose the worker instance that persisted the event on `event.internal_metadata.instance_name`. ([\#17300](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17300))
+- Update the README with Element branding, improve headers and fix the #synapse:matrix.org support room link rendering. ([\#17324](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17324))
+- Change path of the experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync implementation to `/org.matrix.simplified_msc3575/sync` since our simplified API is slightly incompatible with what's in the current MSC. ([\#17331](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17331))
+- Handle device lists notifications for large accounts more efficiently in worker mode. ([\#17333](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17333), [\#17358](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17358))
+- Do not block event sending/receiving while calculating large event auth chains. ([\#17338](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17338))
+- Tidy up `parse_integer` docs and call sites to reflect the fact that they require non-negative integers by default, and bring `parse_integer_from_args` default in alignment. Contributed by Denis Kasak (@dkasak). ([\#17339](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17339))
+
+
+
+### Updates to locked dependencies
+
+* Bump authlib from 1.3.0 to 1.3.1. ([\#17343](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17343))
+* Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 3.1.4 to 5. ([\#17289](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17289))
+* Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 5 to 6. ([\#17313](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17313))
+* Bump docker/build-push-action from 5 to 6. ([\#17312](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17312))
+* Bump jinja2 from 3.1.3 to 3.1.4. ([\#17287](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17287))
+* Bump lazy_static from 1.4.0 to 1.5.0. ([\#17355](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17355))
+* Bump msgpack from 1.0.7 to 1.0.8. ([\#17317](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17317))
+* Bump netaddr from 1.2.1 to 1.3.0. ([\#17353](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17353))
+* Bump packaging from 24.0 to 24.1. ([\#17352](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17352))
+* Bump phonenumbers from 8.13.37 to 8.13.39. ([\#17315](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17315))
+* Bump regex from 1.10.4 to 1.10.5. ([\#17290](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17290))
+* Bump requests from 2.31.0 to 2.32.2. ([\#17345](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17345))
+* Bump sentry-sdk from 2.1.1 to 2.3.1. ([\#17263](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17263))
+* Bump sentry-sdk from 2.3.1 to 2.6.0. ([\#17351](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17351))
+* Bump tornado from 6.4 to 6.4.1. ([\#17344](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17344))
+* Bump mypy from 1.8.0 to 1.9.0. ([\#17297](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17297))
+* Bump types-jsonschema from 4.21.0.20240311 to 4.22.0.20240610. ([\#17288](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17288))
+* Bump types-netaddr from 1.2.0.20240219 to 1.3.0.20240530. ([\#17314](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17314))
+* Bump types-pillow from 10.2.0.20240423 to 10.2.0.20240520. ([\#17285](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17285))
+* Bump types-pyyaml from 6.0.12.12 to 6.0.12.20240311. ([\#17316](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17316))
+* Bump typing-extensions from 4.11.0 to 4.12.2. ([\#17354](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17354))
+* Bump urllib3 from 2.0.7 to 2.2.2. ([\#17346](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17346))
+
+# Synapse 1.109.0 (2024-06-18)
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Fix the building of binary wheels for macOS by switching to macOS 12 CI runners. ([\#17319](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17319))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.109.0rc3 (2024-06-17)
+
+### Bugfixes
+
+- When rolling back to a previous Synapse version and then forwards again to this release, don't require server operators to manually run SQL. ([\#17305](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17305), [\#17309](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17309))
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Use the release branch for sytest in release-branch PRs. ([\#17306](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17306))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.109.0rc2 (2024-06-11)
+
+### Bugfixes
+
+- Fix bug where one-time-keys were not always included in `/sync` response when using workers. Introduced in v1.109.0rc1. ([\#17275](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17275))
+- Fix bug where `/sync` could get stuck due to edge case in device lists handling. Introduced in v1.109.0rc1. ([\#17292](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17292))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.109.0rc1 (2024-06-04)
+
+### Features
+
+- Add the ability to auto-accept invites on the behalf of users. See the [`auto_accept_invites`](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#auto-accept-invites) config option for details. ([\#17147](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17147))
+- Add experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync/e2ee` endpoint for to-device messages and device encryption info. ([\#17167](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17167))
+- Support [MSC3916](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/issues/3916) by adding unstable media endpoints to `/_matrix/client`. ([\#17213](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17213))
+- Add logging to tasks managed by the task scheduler, showing CPU and database usage. ([\#17219](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17219))
+
+### Bugfixes
+
+- Fix deduplicating of membership events to not create unused state groups. ([\#17164](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17164))
+- Fix bug where duplicate events could be sent down sync when using workers that are overloaded. ([\#17215](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17215))
+- Ignore attempts to send to-device messages to bad users, to avoid log spam when we try to connect to the bad server. ([\#17240](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17240))
+- Fix handling of duplicate concurrent uploading of device one-time-keys. ([\#17241](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17241))
+- Fix reporting of default tags to Sentry, such as worker name. Broke in v1.108.0. ([\#17251](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17251))
+- Fix bug where typing updates would not be sent when using workers after a restart. ([\#17252](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17252))
+
+### Improved Documentation
+
+- Update the LemonLDAP documentation to say that claims should be explicitly included in the returned `id_token`, as Synapse won't request them. ([\#17204](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17204))
+
+### Internal Changes
+
+- Improve DB usage when fetching related events. ([\#17083](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17083))
+- Log exceptions when failing to auto-join new user according to the `auto_join_rooms` option. ([\#17176](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17176))
+- Reduce work of calculating outbound device lists updates. ([\#17211](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17211))
+- Improve performance of calculating device lists changes in `/sync`. ([\#17216](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17216))
+- Move towards using `MultiWriterIdGenerator` everywhere. ([\#17226](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17226))
+- Replaces all usages of `StreamIdGenerator` with `MultiWriterIdGenerator`. ([\#17229](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17229))
+- Change the `allow_unsafe_locale` config option to also apply when setting up new databases. ([\#17238](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17238))
+- Fix errors in logs about closing incorrect logging contexts when media gets rejected by a module. ([\#17239](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17239), [\#17246](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17246))
+- Clean out invalid destinations from `device_federation_outbox` table. ([\#17242](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17242))
+- Stop logging errors when receiving invalid User IDs in key querys requests. ([\#17250](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17250))
+
+
+
+### Updates to locked dependencies
+
+* Bump anyhow from 1.0.83 to 1.0.86. ([\#17220](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17220))
+* Bump bcrypt from 4.1.2 to 4.1.3. ([\#17224](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17224))
+* Bump lxml from 5.2.1 to 5.2.2. ([\#17261](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17261))
+* Bump mypy-zope from 1.0.3 to 1.0.4. ([\#17262](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17262))
+* Bump phonenumbers from 8.13.35 to 8.13.37. ([\#17235](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17235))
+* Bump prometheus-client from 0.19.0 to 0.20.0. ([\#17233](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17233))
+* Bump pyasn1 from 0.5.1 to 0.6.0. ([\#17223](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17223))
+* Bump pyicu from 2.13 to 2.13.1. ([\#17236](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17236))
+* Bump pyopenssl from 24.0.0 to 24.1.0. ([\#17234](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17234))
+* Bump serde from 1.0.201 to 1.0.202. ([\#17221](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17221))
+* Bump serde from 1.0.202 to 1.0.203. ([\#17232](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17232))
+* Bump twine from 5.0.0 to 5.1.0. ([\#17225](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17225))
+* Bump types-psycopg2 from 2.9.21.20240311 to 2.9.21.20240417. ([\#17222](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17222))
+* Bump types-pyopenssl from 24.0.0.20240311 to 24.1.0.20240425. ([\#17260](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17260))
+
+# Synapse 1.108.0 (2024-05-28)
+
+No significant changes since 1.108.0rc1.
+
+
+
+
 # Synapse 1.108.0rc1 (2024-05-21)

 ### Features
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"

 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.21"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90ed8c1e510134f979dbc4f070f87d4313098b704861a105fe34231c70a3901c"
+checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"

 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
@@ -444,9 +444,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.10.4"
+version = "1.10.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c117dbdfde9c8308975b6a18d71f3f385c89461f7b3fb054288ecf2a2058ba4c"
+checksum = "b91213439dad192326a0d7c6ee3955910425f441d7038e0d6933b0aec5c4517f"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@@ -485,18 +485,18 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"

 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.202"
+version = "1.0.203"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "226b61a0d411b2ba5ff6d7f73a476ac4f8bb900373459cd00fab8512828ba395"
+checksum = "7253ab4de971e72fb7be983802300c30b5a7f0c2e56fab8abfc6a214307c0094"
 dependencies = [
 "serde_derive",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.202"
+version = "1.0.203"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6048858004bcff69094cd972ed40a32500f153bd3be9f716b2eed2e8217c4838"
+checksum = "500cbc0ebeb6f46627f50f3f5811ccf6bf00643be300b4c3eabc0ef55dc5b5ba"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -505,9 +505,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.117"
+version = "1.0.119"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "455182ea6142b14f93f4bc5320a2b31c1f266b66a4a5c858b013302a5d8cbfc3"
+checksum = "e8eddb61f0697cc3989c5d64b452f5488e2b8a60fd7d5076a3045076ffef8cb0"
 dependencies = [
 "itoa",
 "ryu",
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -1,21 +1,34 @@
-=========================================================================
-Synapse |support| |development| |documentation| |license| |pypi| |python|
-=========================================================================
+.. image:: https://github.com/element-hq/product/assets/87339233/7abf477a-5277-47f3-be44-ea44917d8ed7
+   :height: 60px

-Synapse is an open-source `Matrix <https://matrix.org/>`_ homeserver written and
-maintained by the Matrix.org Foundation. We began rapid development in 2014,
-reaching v1.0.0 in 2019. Development on Synapse and the Matrix protocol itself continues
-in earnest today.
+**Element Synapse - Matrix homeserver implementation**

-Briefly, Matrix is an open standard for communications on the internet, supporting
-federation, encryption and VoIP. Matrix.org has more to say about the `goals of the
-Matrix project <https://matrix.org/docs/guides/introduction>`_, and the `formal specification
-<https://spec.matrix.org/>`_ describes the technical details.
+|support| |development| |documentation| |license| |pypi| |python|
+
+Synapse is an open source `Matrix <https://matrix.org>`__ homeserver
+implementation, written and maintained by `Element <https://element.io>`_.
+`Matrix <https://github.com/matrix-org>`__ is the open standard for
+secure and interoperable real time communications. You can directly run
+and manage the source code in this repository, available under an AGPL
+license. There is no support provided from Element unless you have a
+subscription.
+
+Subscription alternative
+========================
+
+Alternatively, for those that need an enterprise-ready solution, Element
+Server Suite (ESS) is `available as a subscription <https://element.io/pricing>`_.
+ESS builds on Synapse to offer a complete Matrix-based backend including the full
+`Admin Console product <https://element.io/enterprise-functionality/admin-console>`_,
+giving admins the power to easily manage an organization-wide
+deployment. It includes advanced identity management, auditing,
+moderation and data retention options as well as Long Term Support and
+SLAs. ESS can be used to support any Matrix-based frontend client.

 .. contents::

-Installing and configuration
-============================
+🛠️ Installing and configuration
+===============================

 The Synapse documentation describes `how to install Synapse <https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/setup/installation.html>`_. We recommend using
 `Docker images <https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/setup/installation.html#docker-images-and-ansible-playbooks>`_ or `Debian packages from Matrix.org
@@ -105,8 +118,8 @@ Following this advice ensures that even if an XSS is found in Synapse, the
 impact to other applications will be minimal.


-Testing a new installation
-==========================
+🧪 Testing a new installation
+=============================

 The easiest way to try out your new Synapse installation is by connecting to it
 from a web client.
@@ -159,8 +172,20 @@ the form of::
 As when logging in, you will need to specify a "Custom server".  Specify your
 desired ``localpart`` in the 'User name' box.

-Troubleshooting and support
-===========================
+🎯 Troubleshooting and support
+==============================
+
+🚀 Professional support
+-----------------------
+
+Enterprise quality support for Synapse including SLAs is available as part of an
+`Element Server Suite (ESS) <https://element.io/pricing>` subscription.
+
+If you are an existing ESS subscriber then you can raise a `support request <https://ems.element.io/support>`
+and access the `knowledge base <https://ems-docs.element.io>`.
+
+🤝 Community support
+--------------------

 The `Admin FAQ <https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/administration/admin_faq.html>`_
 includes tips on dealing with some common problems. For more details, see
@@ -176,8 +201,8 @@ issues for support requests, only for bug reports and feature requests.
 .. |docs| replace:: ``docs``
 .. _docs: docs

-Identity Servers
-================
+🪪 Identity Servers
+===================

 Identity servers have the job of mapping email addresses and other 3rd Party
 IDs (3PIDs) to Matrix user IDs, as well as verifying the ownership of 3PIDs
@@ -206,8 +231,8 @@ an email address with your account, or send an invite to another user via their
 email address.


-Development
-===========
+🛠️ Development
+==============

 We welcome contributions to Synapse from the community!
 The best place to get started is our
@@ -225,8 +250,8 @@ Alongside all that, join our developer community on Matrix:
 `#synapse-dev:matrix.org <https://matrix.to/#/#synapse-dev:matrix.org>`_, featuring real humans!


-.. |support| image:: https://img.shields.io/matrix/synapse:matrix.org?label=support&logo=matrix
-  :alt: (get support on #synapse:matrix.org)
+.. |support| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-community%20support-success
+  :alt: (get community support in #synapse:matrix.org)
  :target: https://matrix.to/#/#synapse:matrix.org

 .. |development| image:: https://img.shields.io/matrix/synapse-dev:matrix.org?label=development&logo=matrix
--- a/changelog.d/17147.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/17147.feature
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Add the ability to auto-accept invites on the behalf of users. See the [`auto_accept_invites`](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#auto-accept-invites) config option for details.
--- a/changelog.d/17204.doc
+++ b/changelog.d/17204.doc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update OIDC documentation: by default Matrix doesn't query userinfo endpoint, then claims should be put on id_token.
--- a/changelog.d/17211.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/17211.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Reduce work of calculating outbound device lists updates.
--- a/changelog.d/17216.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/17216.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Improve performance of calculating device lists changes in `/sync`.
--- a/changelog.d/17320.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/17320.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add `rooms` data to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint.
--- a/changelog.d/17337.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/17337.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add `room_types`/`not_room_types` filtering to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint.
--- a/changelog.d/17356.doc
+++ b/changelog.d/17356.doc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Clarify `url_preview_url_blacklist` is a usability feature.
--- a/changelog.d/17362.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/17362.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix rare race which causes no new to-device messages to be received from remote server.
--- a/changelog.d/17363.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/17363.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix uploading packages to PyPi.
--- a/changelog.d/17365.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/17365.feature
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Support [MSC3916](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/blob/rav/authentication-for-media/proposals/3916-authentication-for-media.md) by adding _matrix/client/v1/media/download endpoint.
--- a/changelog.d/17367.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/17367.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add CI check for the README.
--- a/changelog.d/17390.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/17390.misc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix building debian packages on non-clean checkouts.
--- a/changelog.d/17398.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/17398.bugfix
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix bug in experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint when using an old database.
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,3 +1,52 @@
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.110.0~rc3) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.110.0rc3.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 02 Jul 2024 08:28:56 -0600
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.110.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.110.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 26 Jun 2024 18:14:48 +0200
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.110.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * `register_new_matrix_user` now supports a --password-file and a --exists-ok flag.
+  * New Synapse release 1.110.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 26 Jun 2024 14:07:56 +0200
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.109.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New synapse release 1.109.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 18 Jun 2024 09:45:15 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.109.0~rc3) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New synapse release 1.109.0rc3.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Mon, 17 Jun 2024 12:05:24 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.109.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New synapse release 1.109.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 11 Jun 2024 13:20:17 +0000
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.109.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.109.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 04 Jun 2024 09:42:46 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.108.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.108.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 28 May 2024 11:54:22 +0100
+
 matrix-synapse-py3 (1.108.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium

  * New Synapse release 1.108.0rc1.
--- a/debian/register_new_matrix_user.ronn
+++ b/debian/register_new_matrix_user.ronn
@@ -31,8 +31,12 @@ A sample YAML file accepted by `register_new_matrix_user` is described below:
    Local part of the new user. Will prompt if omitted.

  * `-p`, `--password`:
-    New password for user. Will prompt if omitted. Supplying the password
-    on the command line is not recommended. Use the STDIN instead.
+    New password for user. Will prompt if this option and `--password-file` are omitted.
+    Supplying the password on the command line is not recommended.
+
+  * `--password-file`:
+    File containing the new password for user. If set, overrides `--password`.
+    This is a more secure alternative to specifying the password on the command line.

  * `-a`, `--admin`:
    Register new user as an admin. Will prompt if omitted.
@@ -44,6 +48,9 @@ A sample YAML file accepted by `register_new_matrix_user` is described below:
    Shared secret as defined in server config file. This is an optional
    parameter as it can be also supplied via the YAML file.

+  * `--exists-ok`:
+    Do not fail if the user already exists. The user account will be not updated in this case.
+
  * `server_url`:
    URL of the home server. Defaults to 'https://localhost:8448'.

--- a/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile-dhvirtualenv
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ RUN apt-get update -qq -o Acquire::Languages=none \
    curl \
    debhelper \
    devscripts \
+    # Required for building cffi from source.
+    libffi-dev \
    libsystemd-dev \
    lsb-release \
    pkg-config \
--- a/docker/build_debian.sh
+++ b/docker/build_debian.sh
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ DIST=$(cut -d ':' -f2 <<< "${distro:?}")
 cp -aT /synapse/source /synapse/build
 cd /synapse/build

+# Delete any existing `.so` files to ensure a clean build.
+rm -f /synapse/build/synapse/*.so
+
 # if this is a prerelease, set the Section accordingly.
 #
 # When the package is later added to the package repo, reprepro will use the
--- a/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2
+++ b/docker/complement/conf/workers-shared-extra.yaml.j2
@@ -105,8 +105,6 @@ experimental_features:
  # Expose a room summary for public rooms
  msc3266_enabled: true

-  msc4115_membership_on_events: true
-
 server_notices:
  system_mxid_localpart: _server
  system_mxid_display_name: "Server Alert"
--- a/docker/conf/homeserver.yaml
+++ b/docker/conf/homeserver.yaml
@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ app_service_config_files:
 {% endif %}

 macaroon_secret_key: "{{ SYNAPSE_MACAROON_SECRET_KEY }}"
-expire_access_token: False

 ## Signing Keys ##

--- a/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py
+++ b/docker/configure_workers_and_start.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
    },
    "media_repository": {
        "app": "synapse.app.generic_worker",
-        "listener_resources": ["media"],
+        "listener_resources": ["media", "client"],
        "endpoint_patterns": [
            "^/_matrix/media/",
            "^/_synapse/admin/v1/purge_media_cache$",
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ WORKERS_CONFIG: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
            "^/_synapse/admin/v1/user/.*/media.*$",
            "^/_synapse/admin/v1/media/.*$",
            "^/_synapse/admin/v1/quarantine_media/.*$",
+            "^/_matrix/client/v1/media/.*$",
        ],
        # The first configured media worker will run the media background jobs
        "shared_extra_conf": {
--- a/docs/admin_api/rooms.md
+++ b/docs/admin_api/rooms.md
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ The following query parameters are available:
  - the room's name,
  - the local part of the room's canonical alias, or
  - the complete (local and server part) room's id (case sensitive).
+* `public_rooms` - Optional flag to filter public rooms. If `true`, only public rooms are queried. If `false`, public rooms are excluded from
+  the query. When the flag is absent (the default), **both** public and non-public rooms are included in the search results.
+* `empty_rooms` - Optional flag to filter empty rooms. A room is empty if joined_members is zero. If `true`, only empty rooms are queried. If `false`, empty rooms are excluded from
+  the query. When the flag is absent (the default), **both** empty and non-empty rooms are included in the search results.

  Defaults to no filtering.

--- a/docs/postgres.md
+++ b/docs/postgres.md
@@ -242,12 +242,11 @@ host    all         all             ::1/128     ident

 ### Fixing incorrect `COLLATE` or `CTYPE`

-Synapse will refuse to set up a new database if it has the wrong values of
-`COLLATE` and `CTYPE` set. Synapse will also refuse to start an existing database with incorrect values
-of `COLLATE` and `CTYPE` unless the config flag `allow_unsafe_locale`, found in the 
-`database` section of the config, is set to true. Using different locales can cause issues if the locale library is updated from
-underneath the database, or if a different version of the locale is used on any
-replicas.
+Synapse will refuse to start when using a database with incorrect values of
+`COLLATE` and `CTYPE` unless the config flag `allow_unsafe_locale`, found in the
+`database` section of the config, is set to true. Using different locales can
+cause issues if the locale library is updated from underneath the database, or
+if a different version of the locale is used on any replicas.

 If you have a database with an unsafe locale, the safest way to fix the issue is to dump the database and recreate it with
 the correct locale parameter (as shown above). It is also possible to change the
@@ -256,13 +255,3 @@ however extreme care must be taken to avoid database corruption.

 Note that the above may fail with an error about duplicate rows if corruption
 has already occurred, and such duplicate rows will need to be manually removed.
-
-### Fixing inconsistent sequences error
-
-Synapse uses Postgres sequences to generate IDs for various tables. A sequence
-and associated table can get out of sync if, for example, Synapse has been
-downgraded and then upgraded again.
-
-To fix the issue shut down Synapse (including any and all workers) and run the
-SQL command included in the error message. Once done Synapse should start
-successfully.
--- a/docs/upgrade.md
+++ b/docs/upgrade.md
@@ -117,6 +117,19 @@ each upgrade are complete before moving on to the next upgrade, to avoid
 stacking them up. You can monitor the currently running background updates with
 [the Admin API](usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.html#status).

+# Upgrading to v1.111.0
+
+## New worker endpoints for authenticated client media
+
+[Media repository workers](./workers.md#synapseappmedia_repository) handling
+Media APIs can now handle the following endpoint pattern:
+
+```
+^/_matrix/client/v1/media/.*$
+```
+
+Please update your reverse proxy configuration.
+
 # Upgrading to v1.106.0

 ## Minimum supported Rust version
--- a/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
+++ b/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
@@ -1759,8 +1759,9 @@ rc_3pid_validation:
 ### `rc_invites`

 This option sets ratelimiting how often invites can be sent in a room or to a
-specific user. `per_room` defaults to `per_second: 0.3`, `burst_count: 10` and
-`per_user` defaults to `per_second: 0.003`, `burst_count: 5`.
+specific user. `per_room` defaults to `per_second: 0.3`, `burst_count: 10`,
+`per_user` defaults to `per_second: 0.003`, `burst_count: 5`, and `per_issuer` 
+defaults to `per_second: 0.3`, `burst_count: 10`.

 Client requests that invite user(s) when [creating a
 room](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.2/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3createroom)
@@ -1946,6 +1947,24 @@ Example configuration:
 max_image_pixels: 35M
 ```
 ---
+### `remote_media_download_burst_count`
+
+Remote media downloads are ratelimited using a [leaky bucket algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_bucket), where a given "bucket" is keyed to the IP address of the requester when requesting remote media downloads. This configuration option sets the size of the bucket against which the size in bytes of downloads are penalized - if the bucket is full, ie a given number of bytes have already been downloaded, further downloads will be denied until the bucket drains.  Defaults to 500MiB. See also `remote_media_download_per_second` which determines the rate at which the "bucket" is emptied and thus has available space to authorize new requests.  
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+remote_media_download_burst_count: 200M
+```
+---
+### `remote_media_download_per_second`
+
+Works in conjunction with `remote_media_download_burst_count` to ratelimit remote media downloads - this configuration option determines the rate at which the "bucket" (see above) leaks in bytes per second. As requests are made to download remote media, the size of those requests in bytes is added to the bucket, and once the bucket has reached it's capacity, no more requests will be allowed until a number of bytes has "drained" from the bucket. This setting determines the rate at which bytes drain from the bucket, with the practical effect that the larger the number, the faster the bucket leaks, allowing for more bytes downloaded over a shorter period of time. Defaults to 87KiB per second. See also `remote_media_download_burst_count`.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+remote_media_download_per_second: 40K
+```
+---
 ### `prevent_media_downloads_from`

 A list of domains to never download media from. Media from these
@@ -1957,9 +1976,10 @@ This will not prevent the listed domains from accessing media themselves.
 It simply prevents users on this server from downloading media originating
 from the listed servers.

-This will have no effect on media originating from the local server.
-This only affects media downloaded from other Matrix servers, to
-block domains from URL previews see [`url_preview_url_blacklist`](#url_preview_url_blacklist).
+This will have no effect on media originating from the local server. This only
+affects media downloaded from other Matrix servers, to control URL previews see
+[`url_preview_ip_range_blacklist`](#url_preview_ip_range_blacklist) or
+[`url_preview_url_blacklist`](#url_preview_url_blacklist).

 Defaults to an empty list (nothing blocked).

@@ -2111,12 +2131,14 @@ url_preview_ip_range_whitelist:
 ---
 ### `url_preview_url_blacklist`

-Optional list of URL matches that the URL preview spider is
-denied from accessing.  You should use `url_preview_ip_range_blacklist`
-in preference to this, otherwise someone could define a public DNS
-entry that points to a private IP address and circumvent the blacklist.
-This is more useful if you know there is an entire shape of URL that
-you know that will never want synapse to try to spider.
+Optional list of URL matches that the URL preview spider is denied from
+accessing.  This is a usability feature, not a security one. You should use
+`url_preview_ip_range_blacklist` in preference to this, otherwise someone could
+define a public DNS entry that points to a private IP address and circumvent
+the blacklist. Applications that perform redirects or serve different content
+when detecting that Synapse is accessing them can also bypass the blacklist.
+This is more useful if you know there is an entire shape of URL that you know
+that you do not want Synapse to preview.

 Each list entry is a dictionary of url component attributes as returned
 by urlparse.urlsplit as applied to the absolute form of the URL.  See
@@ -2700,7 +2722,7 @@ Example configuration:
 session_lifetime: 24h
 ```
 ---
-### `refresh_access_token_lifetime`
+### `refreshable_access_token_lifetime`

 Time that an access token remains valid for, if the session is using refresh tokens.

@@ -3788,7 +3810,8 @@ This setting defines options related to the user directory.
 This option has the following sub-options:
 * `enabled`:  Defines whether users can search the user directory. If false then
   empty responses are returned to all queries. Defaults to true.
-* `search_all_users`: Defines whether to search all users visible to your HS at the time the search is performed. If set to true, will return all users who share a room with the user from the homeserver.
+* `search_all_users`: Defines whether to search all users visible to your homeserver at the time the search is performed.
+   If set to true, will return all users known to the homeserver matching the search query.
   If false, search results will only contain users
    visible in public rooms and users sharing a room with the requester.
    Defaults to false.
@@ -4132,7 +4155,7 @@ By default, no room is excluded.
 Example configuration:
 ```yaml
 exclude_rooms_from_sync:
-    - !foo:example.com
+    - "!foo:example.com"
 ```

 ---
--- a/docs/welcome_and_overview.md
+++ b/docs/welcome_and_overview.md
@@ -62,6 +62,6 @@ following documentation:

 ## Reporting a security vulnerability

-If you've found a security issue in Synapse or any other Matrix.org Foundation
-project, please report it to us in accordance with our [Security Disclosure
-Policy](https://www.matrix.org/security-disclosure-policy/). Thank you!
+If you've found a security issue in Synapse or any other Element project,
+please report it to us in accordance with our [Security Disclosure
+Policy](https://element.io/security/security-disclosure-policy). Thank you!
--- a/docs/workers.md
+++ b/docs/workers.md
@@ -739,6 +739,7 @@ An example for a federation sender instance:
 Handles the media repository. It can handle all endpoints starting with:

    /_matrix/media/
+    /_matrix/client/v1/media/

 ... and the following regular expressions matching media-specific administration APIs:

--- a/mypy.ini
+++ b/mypy.ini
@@ -96,3 +96,6 @@ ignore_missing_imports = True
 # https://github.com/twisted/treq/pull/366
 [mypy-treq.*]
 ignore_missing_imports = True
+
+[mypy-multipart.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.8.2 and should not be changed by hand.
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.5.1 and should not be changed by hand.

 [[package]]
 name = "annotated-types"
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ tests-no-zope = ["attrs[tests-mypy]", "cloudpickle", "hypothesis", "pympler", "p

 [[package]]
 name = "authlib"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.3.1"
 description = "The ultimate Python library in building OAuth and OpenID Connect servers and clients."
 optional = true
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "Authlib-1.3.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9637e4de1fb498310a56900b3e2043a206b03cb11c05422014b0302cbc814be3"},
-    {file = "Authlib-1.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:959ea62a5b7b5123c5059758296122b57cd2585ae2ed1c0622c21b371ffdae06"},
+    {file = "Authlib-1.3.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d35800b973099bbadc49b42b256ecb80041ad56b7fe1216a362c7943c088f377"},
+    {file = "authlib-1.3.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7ae843f03c06c5c0debd63c9db91f9fda64fa62a42a77419fa15fbb7e7a58917"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -403,43 +403,43 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "cryptography"
-version = "42.0.7"
+version = "42.0.8"
 description = "cryptography is a package which provides cryptographic recipes and primitives to Python developers."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
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 [package.dependencies]
@@ -912,13 +912,13 @@ trio = ["async_generator", "trio"]

 [[package]]
 name = "jinja2"
-version = "3.1.3"
+version = "3.1.4"
 description = "A very fast and expressive template engine."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1005,165 +1005,153 @@ pyasn1 = ">=0.4.6"

 [[package]]
 name = "lxml"
-version = "5.2.1"
+version = "5.2.2"
 description = "Powerful and Pythonic XML processing library combining libxml2/libxslt with the ElementTree API."
 optional = true
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
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+    {file = "packaging-24.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:5b8f2217dbdbd2f7f384c41c628544e6d52f2d0f53c6d0c3ea61aa5d1d7ff124"},
+    {file = "packaging-24.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:026ed72c8ed3fcce5bf8950572258698927fd1dbda10a5e981cdf0ac37f4f002"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1536,13 +1524,13 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "phonenumbers"
-version = "8.13.35"
+version = "8.13.39"
 description = "Python version of Google's common library for parsing, formatting, storing and validating international phone numbers."
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "phonenumbers-8.13.35-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:58286a8e617bd75f541e04313b28c36398be6d4443a778c85e9617a93c391310"},
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+    {file = "phonenumbers-8.13.39-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3ad2d086fa71e7eef409001b9195ac54bebb0c6e3e752209b558ca192c9229a0"},
+    {file = "phonenumbers-8.13.39.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:db7ca4970d206b2056231105300753b1a5b229f43416f8c2b3010e63fbb68d77"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1673,13 +1661,13 @@ test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "covdefaults (>=2.2.2)", "pytest (>=7.2.1)", "pytes

 [[package]]
 name = "prometheus-client"
-version = "0.19.0"
+version = "0.20.0"
 description = "Python client for the Prometheus monitoring system."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "prometheus_client-0.19.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c88b1e6ecf6b41cd8fb5731c7ae919bf66df6ec6fafa555cd6c0e16ca169ae92"},
-    {file = "prometheus_client-0.19.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4585b0d1223148c27a225b10dbec5ae9bc4c81a99a3fa80774fa6209935324e1"},
+    {file = "prometheus_client-0.20.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:cde524a85bce83ca359cc837f28b8c0db5cac7aa653a588fd7e84ba061c329e7"},
+    {file = "prometheus_client-0.20.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:287629d00b147a32dcb2be0b9df905da599b2d82f80377083ec8463309a4bb89"},
 ]

 [package.extras]
@@ -1915,12 +1903,12 @@ plugins = ["importlib-metadata"]

 [[package]]
 name = "pyicu"
-version = "2.13"
+version = "2.13.1"
 description = "Python extension wrapping the ICU C++ API"
 optional = true
 python-versions = "*"
 files = [
-    {file = "PyICU-2.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d481be888975df3097c2790241bbe8518f65c9676a74957cdbe790e559c828f6"},
+    {file = "PyICU-2.13.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d4919085eaa07da12bade8ee721e7bbf7ade0151ca0f82946a26c8f4b98cdceb"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1997,13 +1985,13 @@ tests = ["hypothesis (>=3.27.0)", "pytest (>=3.2.1,!=3.3.0)"]

 [[package]]
 name = "pyopenssl"
-version = "24.0.0"
+version = "24.1.0"
 description = "Python wrapper module around the OpenSSL library"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "pyOpenSSL-24.0.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:ba07553fb6fd6a7a2259adb9b84e12302a9a8a75c44046e8bb5d3e5ee887e3c3"},
-    {file = "pyOpenSSL-24.0.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6aa33039a93fffa4563e655b61d11364d01264be8ccb49906101e02a334530bf"},
+    {file = "pyOpenSSL-24.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:17ed5be5936449c5418d1cd269a1a9e9081bc54c17aed272b45856a3d3dc86ad"},
+    {file = "pyOpenSSL-24.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:cabed4bfaa5df9f1a16c0ef64a0cb65318b5cd077a7eda7d6970131ca2f41a6f"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2011,7 +1999,7 @@ cryptography = ">=41.0.5,<43"

 [package.extras]
 docs = ["sphinx (!=5.2.0,!=5.2.0.post0,!=7.2.5)", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]
-test = ["flaky", "pretend", "pytest (>=3.0.1)"]
+test = ["pretend", "pytest (>=3.0.1)", "pytest-rerunfailures"]

 [[package]]
 name = "pysaml2"
@@ -2051,6 +2039,20 @@ files = [
 [package.dependencies]
 six = ">=1.5"

+[[package]]
+name = "python-multipart"
+version = "0.0.9"
+description = "A streaming multipart parser for Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "python_multipart-0.0.9-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:97ca7b8ea7b05f977dc3849c3ba99d51689822fab725c3703af7c866a0c2b215"},
+    {file = "python_multipart-0.0.9.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:03f54688c663f1b7977105f021043b0793151e4cb1c1a9d4a11fc13d622c4026"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+dev = ["atomicwrites (==1.4.1)", "attrs (==23.2.0)", "coverage (==7.4.1)", "hatch", "invoke (==2.2.0)", "more-itertools (==10.2.0)", "pbr (==6.0.0)", "pluggy (==1.4.0)", "py (==1.11.0)", "pytest (==8.0.0)", "pytest-cov (==4.1.0)", "pytest-timeout (==2.2.0)", "pyyaml (==6.0.1)", "ruff (==0.2.1)"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pytz"
 version = "2022.7.1"
@@ -2169,13 +2171,13 @@ rpds-py = ">=0.7.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "requests"
-version = "2.31.0"
+version = "2.32.2"
 description = "Python HTTP for Humans."
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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+    {file = "requests-2.32.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fc06670dd0ed212426dfeb94fc1b983d917c4f9847c863f313c9dfaaffb7c23c"},
+    {file = "requests-2.32.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dd951ff5ecf3e3b3aa26b40703ba77495dab41da839ae72ef3c8e5d8e2433289"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2399,13 +2401,13 @@ doc = ["Sphinx", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]

 [[package]]
 name = "sentry-sdk"
-version = "2.1.1"
+version = "2.6.0"
 description = "Python client for Sentry (https://sentry.io)"
 optional = true
 python-versions = ">=3.6"
 files = [
-    {file = "sentry_sdk-2.1.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:99aeb78fb76771513bd3b2829d12613130152620768d00cd3e45ac00cb17950f"},
-    {file = "sentry_sdk-2.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:95d8c0bb41c8b0bc37ab202c2c4a295bb84398ee05f4cdce55051cd75b926ec1"},
+    {file = "sentry_sdk-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:422b91cb49378b97e7e8d0e8d5a1069df23689d45262b86f54988a7db264e874"},
+    {file = "sentry_sdk-2.6.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:65cc07e9c6995c5e316109f138570b32da3bd7ff8d0d0ee4aaf2628c3dd8127d"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2427,7 +2429,7 @@ django = ["django (>=1.8)"]
 falcon = ["falcon (>=1.4)"]
 fastapi = ["fastapi (>=0.79.0)"]
 flask = ["blinker (>=1.1)", "flask (>=0.11)", "markupsafe"]
-grpcio = ["grpcio (>=1.21.1)"]
+grpcio = ["grpcio (>=1.21.1)", "protobuf (>=3.8.0)"]
 httpx = ["httpx (>=0.16.0)"]
 huey = ["huey (>=2)"]
 huggingface-hub = ["huggingface-hub (>=0.22)"]
@@ -2610,22 +2612,22 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tornado"
-version = "6.4"
+version = "6.4.1"
 description = "Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library, originally developed at FriendFeed."
 optional = true
-python-versions = ">= 3.8"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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+    {file = "tornado-6.4.1-cp38-abi3-macosx_10_9_universal2.whl", hash = "sha256:163b0aafc8e23d8cdc3c9dfb24c5368af84a81e3364745ccb4427669bf84aec8"},
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+    {file = "tornado-6.4.1-cp38-abi3-manylinux_2_5_x86_64.manylinux1_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:613bf4ddf5c7a95509218b149b555621497a6cc0d46ac341b30bd9ec19eac7f3"},
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+    {file = "tornado-6.4.1-cp38-abi3-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:d9a566c40b89757c9aa8e6f032bcdb8ca8795d7c1a9762910c722b1635c9de4d"},
+    {file = "tornado-6.4.1-cp38-abi3-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:b24b8982ed444378d7f21d563f4180a2de31ced9d8d84443907a0a64da2072e7"},
+    {file = "tornado-6.4.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:92d3ab53183d8c50f8204a51e6f91d18a15d5ef261e84d452800d4ff6fc504e9"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2782,6 +2784,20 @@ files = [
 [package.dependencies]
 types-html5lib = "*"

+[[package]]
+name = "types-cffi"
+version = "1.16.0.20240331"
+description = "Typing stubs for cffi"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
+    {file = "types-cffi-1.16.0.20240331.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b8b20d23a2b89cfed5f8c5bc53b0cb8677c3aac6d970dbc771e28b9c698f5dee"},
+    {file = "types_cffi-1.16.0.20240331-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a363e5ea54a4eb6a4a105d800685fde596bc318089b025b27dee09849fe41ff0"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+types-setuptools = "*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "types-commonmark"
 version = "0.9.2.20240106"
@@ -2806,13 +2822,13 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "types-jsonschema"
-version = "4.21.0.20240311"
+version = "4.22.0.20240610"
 description = "Typing stubs for jsonschema"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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-    {file = "types_jsonschema-4.21.0.20240311-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e872f5661513824edf9698f73a66c9c114713d93eab58699bd0532e7e6db5750"},
+    {file = "types-jsonschema-4.22.0.20240610.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:f82ab9fe756e3a2642ea9712c46b403ce61eb380b939b696cff3252af42f65b0"},
+    {file = "types_jsonschema-4.22.0.20240610-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:89996b9bd1928f820a0e252b2844be21cd2e55d062b6fa1048d88453006ad89e"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2820,13 +2836,13 @@ referencing = "*"

 [[package]]
 name = "types-netaddr"
-version = "1.2.0.20240219"
+version = "1.3.0.20240530"
 description = "Typing stubs for netaddr"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-netaddr-1.2.0.20240219.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:984e70ad838218d3032f37f05a7e294f7b007fe274ec9d774265c8c06698395f"},
-    {file = "types_netaddr-1.2.0.20240219-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b26144e878acb8a1a9008e6997863714db04f8029a0f7f6bfe483c977d21b522"},
+    {file = "types-netaddr-1.3.0.20240530.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:742c2ec1f202b666f544223e2616b34f1f13df80c91e5aeaaa93a72e4d0774ea"},
+    {file = "types_netaddr-1.3.0.20240530-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:354998d018e326da4f1d9b005fc91137b7c2c473aaf03c4ef64bf83c6861b440"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2842,13 +2858,13 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "types-pillow"
-version = "10.2.0.20240423"
+version = "10.2.0.20240520"
 description = "Typing stubs for Pillow"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-Pillow-10.2.0.20240423.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:696e68b9b6a58548fc307a8669830469237c5b11809ddf978ac77fafa79251cd"},
-    {file = "types_Pillow-10.2.0.20240423-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:bd12923093b96c91d523efcdb66967a307f1a843bcfaf2d5a529146c10a9ced3"},
+    {file = "types-Pillow-10.2.0.20240520.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:130b979195465fa1e1676d8e81c9c7c30319e8e95b12fae945e8f0d525213107"},
+    {file = "types_Pillow-10.2.0.20240520-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:33c36494b380e2a269bb742181bea5d9b00820367822dbd3760f07210a1da23d"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2864,27 +2880,28 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyopenssl"
-version = "24.0.0.20240311"
+version = "24.1.0.20240425"
 description = "Typing stubs for pyOpenSSL"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "types-pyOpenSSL-24.0.0.20240311.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7bca00cfc4e7ef9c5d2663c6a1c068c35798e59670595439f6296e7ba3d58083"},
-    {file = "types_pyOpenSSL-24.0.0.20240311-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6e8e8bfad34924067333232c93f7fc4b369856d8bea0d5c9d1808cb290ab1972"},
+    {file = "types-pyOpenSSL-24.1.0.20240425.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0a7e82626c1983dc8dc59292bf20654a51c3c3881bcbb9b337c1da6e32f0204e"},
+    {file = "types_pyOpenSSL-24.1.0.20240425-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f51a156835555dd2a1f025621e8c4fbe7493470331afeef96884d1d29bf3a473"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
 cryptography = ">=35.0.0"
+types-cffi = "*"

 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyyaml"
-version = "6.0.12.12"
+version = "6.0.12.20240311"
 description = "Typing stubs for PyYAML"
 optional = false
-python-versions = "*"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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-    {file = "types_PyYAML-6.0.12.12-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c05bc6c158facb0676674b7f11fe3960db4f389718e19e62bd2b84d6205cfd24"},
+    {file = "types-PyYAML-6.0.12.20240311.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a9e0f0f88dc835739b0c1ca51ee90d04ca2a897a71af79de9aec5f38cb0a5342"},
+    {file = "types_PyYAML-6.0.12.20240311-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b845b06a1c7e54b8e5b4c683043de0d9caf205e7434b3edc678ff2411979b8f6"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2903,24 +2920,24 @@ urllib3 = ">=2"

 [[package]]
 name = "types-setuptools"
-version = "69.5.0.20240423"
+version = "70.1.0.20240627"
 description = "Typing stubs for setuptools"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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-    {file = "types_setuptools-69.5.0.20240423-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a4381e041510755a6c9210e26ad55b1629bc10237aeb9cb8b6bd24996b73db48"},
+    {file = "types-setuptools-70.1.0.20240627.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:385907a47b5cf302b928ce07953cd91147d5de6f3da604c31905fdf0ec309e83"},
+    {file = "types_setuptools-70.1.0.20240627-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c7bdf05cd0a8b66868b4774c7b3c079d01ae025d8c9562bfc8bf2ff44d263c9c"},
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.11.0"
+version = "4.12.2"
 description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.11.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c1f94d72897edaf4ce775bb7558d5b79d8126906a14ea5ed1635921406c0387a"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.11.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:83f085bd5ca59c80295fc2a82ab5dac679cbe02b9f33f7d83af68e241bea51b0"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:04e5ca0351e0f3f85c6853954072df659d0d13fac324d0072316b67d7794700d"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.12.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1a7ead55c7e559dd4dee8856e3a88b41225abfe1ce8df57b7c13915fe121ffb8"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2936,18 +2953,18 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.0.7"
+version = "2.2.2"
 description = "HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more."
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.7"
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "urllib3-2.0.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:fdb6d215c776278489906c2f8916e6e7d4f5a9b602ccbcfdf7f016fc8da0596e"},
-    {file = "urllib3-2.0.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c97dfde1f7bd43a71c8d2a58e369e9b2bf692d1334ea9f9cae55add7d0dd0f84"},
+    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a448b2f64d686155468037e1ace9f2d2199776e17f0a46610480d311f73e3472"},
+    {file = "urllib3-2.2.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dd505485549a7a552833da5e6063639d0d177c04f23bc3864e41e5dc5f612168"},
 ]

 [package.extras]
 brotli = ["brotli (>=1.0.9)", "brotlicffi (>=0.8.0)"]
-secure = ["certifi", "cryptography (>=1.9)", "idna (>=2.0.0)", "pyopenssl (>=17.1.0)", "urllib3-secure-extra"]
+h2 = ["h2 (>=4,<5)"]
 socks = ["pysocks (>=1.5.6,!=1.5.7,<2.0)"]
 zstd = ["zstandard (>=0.18.0)"]

@@ -3184,4 +3201,4 @@ user-search = ["pyicu"]
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.8.0"
-content-hash = "987f8eccaa222367b1a2e15b0d496586ca50d46ca1277e69694922d31c93ce5b"
+content-hash = "e8d5806e10eb69bc06900fde18ea3df38f38490ab6baa73fe4a563dfb6abacba"
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ module-name = "synapse.synapse_rust"

 [tool.poetry]
 name = "matrix-synapse"
-version = "1.108.0rc1"
+version = "1.110.0rc3"
 description = "Homeserver for the Matrix decentralised comms protocol"
 authors = ["Matrix.org Team and Contributors <packages@matrix.org>"]
 license = "AGPL-3.0-or-later"
@@ -200,10 +200,8 @@ netaddr = ">=0.7.18"
 # add a lower bound to the Jinja2 dependency.
 Jinja2 = ">=3.0"
 bleach = ">=1.4.3"
-# We use `ParamSpec` and `Concatenate`, which were added in `typing-extensions` 3.10.0.0.
-# Additionally we need https://github.com/python/typing/pull/817 to allow types to be
-# generic over ParamSpecs.
-typing-extensions = ">=3.10.0.1"
+# We use `Self`, which were added in `typing-extensions` 4.0.
+typing-extensions = ">=4.0"
 # We enforce that we have a `cryptography` version that bundles an `openssl`
 # with the latest security patches.
 cryptography = ">=3.4.7"
@@ -226,6 +224,8 @@ pydantic = ">=1.7.4, <3"
 # needed.
 setuptools_rust = ">=1.3"

+# This is used for parsing multipart responses
+python-multipart = ">=0.0.9"

 # Optional Dependencies
 # ---------------------
--- a/rust/src/events/internal_metadata.rs
+++ b/rust/src/events/internal_metadata.rs
@@ -204,6 +204,8 @@ pub struct EventInternalMetadata {
    /// The stream ordering of this event. None, until it has been persisted.
    #[pyo3(get, set)]
    stream_ordering: Option<NonZeroI64>,
+    #[pyo3(get, set)]
+    instance_name: Option<String>,

    /// whether this event is an outlier (ie, whether we have the state at that
    /// point in the DAG)
@@ -232,6 +234,7 @@ impl EventInternalMetadata {
        Ok(EventInternalMetadata {
            data,
            stream_ordering: None,
+            instance_name: None,
            outlier: false,
        })
    }
--- a/scripts-dev/complement.sh
+++ b/scripts-dev/complement.sh
@@ -223,7 +223,6 @@ test_packages=(
    ./tests/msc3930
    ./tests/msc3902
    ./tests/msc3967
-    ./tests/msc4115
 )

 # Enable dirty runs, so tests will reuse the same container where possible.
--- a/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ def request_registration(
    user_type: Optional[str] = None,
    _print: Callable[[str], None] = print,
    exit: Callable[[int], None] = sys.exit,
+    exists_ok: bool = False,
 ) -> None:
    url = "%s/_synapse/admin/v1/register" % (server_location.rstrip("/"),)

@@ -97,6 +98,10 @@ def request_registration(
    r = requests.post(url, json=data)

    if r.status_code != 200:
+        response = r.json()
+        if exists_ok and response["errcode"] == "M_USER_IN_USE":
+            _print("User already exists. Skipping.")
+            return
        _print("ERROR! Received %d %s" % (r.status_code, r.reason))
        if 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
            try:
@@ -115,6 +120,7 @@ def register_new_user(
    shared_secret: str,
    admin: Optional[bool],
    user_type: Optional[str],
+    exists_ok: bool = False,
 ) -> None:
    if not user:
        try:
@@ -154,7 +160,13 @@ def register_new_user(
            admin = False

    request_registration(
-        user, password, server_location, shared_secret, bool(admin), user_type
+        user,
+        password,
+        server_location,
+        shared_secret,
+        bool(admin),
+        user_type,
+        exists_ok=exists_ok,
    )


@@ -174,10 +186,22 @@ def main() -> None:
        help="Local part of the new user. Will prompt if omitted.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
+        "--exists-ok",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not fail if user already exists.",
+    )
+    password_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    password_group.add_argument(
        "-p",
        "--password",
        default=None,
-        help="New password for user. Will prompt if omitted.",
+        help="New password for user. Will prompt for a password if "
+        "this flag and `--password-file` are both omitted.",
+    )
+    password_group.add_argument(
+        "--password-file",
+        default=None,
+        help="File containing the new password for user. If set, will override `--password`.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-t",
@@ -185,6 +209,7 @@ def main() -> None:
        default=None,
        help="User type as specified in synapse.api.constants.UserTypes",
    )
+
    admin_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    admin_group.add_argument(
        "-a",
@@ -247,6 +272,11 @@ def main() -> None:
            print(_NO_SHARED_SECRET_OPTS_ERROR, file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)

+    if args.password_file:
+        password = _read_file(args.password_file, "password-file").strip()
+    else:
+        password = args.password
+
    if args.server_url:
        server_url = args.server_url
    elif config is not None:
@@ -270,7 +300,13 @@ def main() -> None:
        admin = args.admin

    register_new_user(
-        args.user, args.password, server_url, secret, admin, args.user_type
+        args.user,
+        password,
+        server_url,
+        secret,
+        admin,
+        args.user_type,
+        exists_ok=args.exists_ok,
    )


--- a/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
@@ -777,22 +777,74 @@ class Porter:
            await self._setup_events_stream_seqs()
            await self._setup_sequence(
                "un_partial_stated_event_stream_sequence",
-                ("un_partial_stated_event_stream",),
+                [("un_partial_stated_event_stream", "stream_id")],
            )
            await self._setup_sequence(
-                "device_inbox_sequence", ("device_inbox", "device_federation_outbox")
+                "device_inbox_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("device_inbox", "stream_id"),
+                    ("device_federation_outbox", "stream_id"),
+                ],
            )
            await self._setup_sequence(
                "account_data_sequence",
-                ("room_account_data", "room_tags_revisions", "account_data"),
+                [
+                    ("room_account_data", "stream_id"),
+                    ("room_tags_revisions", "stream_id"),
+                    ("account_data", "stream_id"),
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "receipts_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("receipts_linearized", "stream_id"),
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "presence_stream_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("presence_stream", "stream_id"),
+                ],
            )
-            await self._setup_sequence("receipts_sequence", ("receipts_linearized",))
-            await self._setup_sequence("presence_stream_sequence", ("presence_stream",))
            await self._setup_auth_chain_sequence()
            await self._setup_sequence(
                "application_services_txn_id_seq",
-                ("application_services_txns",),
-                "txn_id",
+                [
+                    (
+                        "application_services_txns",
+                        "txn_id",
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "device_lists_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("device_lists_stream", "stream_id"),
+                    ("user_signature_stream", "stream_id"),
+                    ("device_lists_outbound_pokes", "stream_id"),
+                    ("device_lists_changes_in_room", "stream_id"),
+                    ("device_lists_remote_pending", "stream_id"),
+                    ("device_lists_changes_converted_stream_position", "stream_id"),
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "e2e_cross_signing_keys_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("e2e_cross_signing_keys", "stream_id"),
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "push_rules_stream_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("push_rules_stream", "stream_id"),
+                ],
+            )
+            await self._setup_sequence(
+                "pushers_sequence",
+                [
+                    ("pushers", "id"),
+                    ("deleted_pushers", "stream_id"),
+                ],
            )

            # Step 3. Get tables.
@@ -1101,12 +1153,11 @@ class Porter:
    async def _setup_sequence(
        self,
        sequence_name: str,
-        stream_id_tables: Iterable[str],
-        column_name: str = "stream_id",
+        stream_id_tables: Iterable[Tuple[str, str]],
    ) -> None:
        """Set a sequence to the correct value."""
        current_stream_ids = []
-        for stream_id_table in stream_id_tables:
+        for stream_id_table, column_name in stream_id_tables:
            max_stream_id = cast(
                int,
                await self.sqlite_store.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
--- a/synapse/api/constants.py
+++ b/synapse/api/constants.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class Membership:
    KNOCK: Final = "knock"
    LEAVE: Final = "leave"
    BAN: Final = "ban"
-    LIST: Final = (INVITE, JOIN, KNOCK, LEAVE, BAN)
+    LIST: Final = {INVITE, JOIN, KNOCK, LEAVE, BAN}


 class PresenceState:
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class EventUnsignedContentFields:
    """Fields found inside the 'unsigned' data on events"""

    # Requesting user's membership, per MSC4115
-    MSC4115_MEMBERSHIP: Final = "io.element.msc4115.membership"
+    MEMBERSHIP: Final = "membership"


 class RoomTypes:
--- a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@ class Ratelimiter:
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
            burst_count: How many actions that can be performed before being limited.
                Overrides the value set during instantiation if set.
-            update: Whether to count this check as performing the action
+            update: Whether to count this check as performing the action. If the action
+                cannot be performed, the user's action count is not incremented at all.
            n_actions: The number of times the user wants to do this action. If the user
                cannot do all of the actions, the user's action count is not incremented
                at all.
--- a/synapse/app/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/app/_base.py
@@ -681,17 +681,17 @@ def setup_sentry(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
    )

    # We set some default tags that give some context to this instance
-    with sentry_sdk.configure_scope() as scope:
-        scope.set_tag("matrix_server_name", hs.config.server.server_name)
+    global_scope = sentry_sdk.Scope.get_global_scope()
+    global_scope.set_tag("matrix_server_name", hs.config.server.server_name)

-        app = (
-            hs.config.worker.worker_app
-            if hs.config.worker.worker_app
-            else "synapse.app.homeserver"
-        )
-        name = hs.get_instance_name()
-        scope.set_tag("worker_app", app)
-        scope.set_tag("worker_name", name)
+    app = (
+        hs.config.worker.worker_app
+        if hs.config.worker.worker_app
+        else "synapse.app.homeserver"
+    )
+    name = hs.get_instance_name()
+    global_scope.set_tag("worker_app", app)
+    global_scope.set_tag("worker_name", name)


 def setup_sdnotify(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
--- a/synapse/config/experimental.py
+++ b/synapse/config/experimental.py
@@ -332,6 +332,9 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
        # MSC3391: Removing account data.
        self.msc3391_enabled = experimental.get("msc3391_enabled", False)

+        # MSC3575 (Sliding Sync API endpoints)
+        self.msc3575_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3575_enabled", False)
+
        # MSC3773: Thread notifications
        self.msc3773_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc3773_enabled", False)

@@ -390,9 +393,6 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
        # MSC3391: Removing account data.
        self.msc3391_enabled = experimental.get("msc3391_enabled", False)

-        # MSC3967: Do not require UIA when first uploading cross signing keys
-        self.msc3967_enabled = experimental.get("msc3967_enabled", False)
-
        # MSC3861: Matrix architecture change to delegate authentication via OIDC
        try:
            self.msc3861 = MSC3861(**experimental.get("msc3861", {}))
@@ -433,6 +433,16 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
                ("experimental", "msc4108_delegation_endpoint"),
            )

-        self.msc4115_membership_on_events = experimental.get(
-            "msc4115_membership_on_events", False
+        self.msc3823_account_suspension = experimental.get(
+            "msc3823_account_suspension", False
        )
+
+        self.msc3916_authenticated_media_enabled = experimental.get(
+            "msc3916_authenticated_media_enabled", False
+        )
+
+        # MSC4151: Report room API (Client-Server API)
+        self.msc4151_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4151_enabled", False)
+
+        # MSC4156: Migrate server_name to via
+        self.msc4156_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4156_enabled", False)
--- a/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/config/ratelimiting.py
@@ -218,3 +218,13 @@ class RatelimitConfig(Config):
            "rc_media_create",
            defaults={"per_second": 10, "burst_count": 50},
        )
+
+        self.remote_media_downloads = RatelimitSettings(
+            key="rc_remote_media_downloads",
+            per_second=self.parse_size(
+                config.get("remote_media_download_per_second", "87K")
+            ),
+            burst_count=self.parse_size(
+                config.get("remote_media_download_burst_count", "500M")
+            ),
+        )
--- a/synapse/events/utils.py
+++ b/synapse/events/utils.py
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ def prune_event(event: EventBase) -> EventBase:
    pruned_event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = (
        event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
    )
+    pruned_event.internal_metadata.instance_name = event.internal_metadata.instance_name
    pruned_event.internal_metadata.outlier = event.internal_metadata.outlier

    # Mark the event as redacted
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ def clone_event(event: EventBase) -> EventBase:
    new_event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = (
        event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
    )
+    new_event.internal_metadata.instance_name = event.internal_metadata.instance_name
    new_event.internal_metadata.outlier = event.internal_metadata.outlier

    return new_event
@@ -834,3 +836,21 @@ def maybe_upsert_event_field(
            del container[key]

    return upsert_okay
+
+
+def strip_event(event: EventBase) -> JsonDict:
+    """
+    Used for "stripped state" events which provide a simplified view of the state of a
+    room intended to help a potential joiner identify the room (relevant when the user
+    is invited or knocked).
+
+    Stripped state events can only have the `sender`, `type`, `state_key` and `content`
+    properties present.
+    """
+
+    return {
+        "type": event.type,
+        "state_key": event.state_key,
+        "content": event.content,
+        "sender": event.sender,
+    }
--- a/synapse/events/validator.py
+++ b/synapse/events/validator.py
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ from synapse.events.utils import (
    validate_canonicaljson,
 )
 from synapse.http.servlet import validate_json_object
-from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
 from synapse.storage.controllers.state import server_acl_evaluator_from_event
 from synapse.types import EventID, JsonDict, RoomID, StrCollection, UserID
+from synapse.types.rest import RequestBodyModel


 class EventValidator:
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
    SynapseError,
    UnsupportedRoomVersionError,
 )
+from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.api.room_versions import (
    KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS,
    EventFormatVersions,
@@ -1870,6 +1871,52 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):

        return filtered_statuses, filtered_failures

+    async def federation_download_media(
+        self,
+        destination: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        output_stream: BinaryIO,
+        max_size: int,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]], bytes],
+        Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]]],
+    ]:
+        try:
+            return await self.transport_layer.federation_download_media(
+                destination,
+                media_id,
+                output_stream=output_stream,
+                max_size=max_size,
+                max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+                download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+                ip_address=ip_address,
+            )
+        except HttpResponseException as e:
+            # If an error is received that is due to an unrecognised endpoint,
+            # fallback to the _matrix/media/v3/download endpoint. Otherwise, consider it a legitimate error
+            # and raise.
+            if not is_unknown_endpoint(e):
+                raise
+
+        logger.debug(
+            "Couldn't download media %s/%s over _matrix/federation/v1/media/download, falling back to _matrix/media/v3/download path",
+            destination,
+            media_id,
+        )
+
+        return await self.transport_layer.download_media_v3(
+            destination,
+            media_id,
+            output_stream=output_stream,
+            max_size=max_size,
+            max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+            download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+            ip_address=ip_address,
+        )
+
    async def download_media(
        self,
        destination: str,
@@ -1877,6 +1924,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
        output_stream: BinaryIO,
        max_size: int,
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]]]:
        try:
            return await self.transport_layer.download_media_v3(
@@ -1885,6 +1934,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
                output_stream=output_stream,
                max_size=max_size,
                max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+                download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+                ip_address=ip_address,
            )
        except HttpResponseException as e:
            # If an error is received that is due to an unrecognised endpoint,
@@ -1905,6 +1956,8 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
            output_stream=output_stream,
            max_size=max_size,
            max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+            download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+            ip_address=ip_address,
        )


--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
        # This is in addition to the HS-level rate limiting applied by
        # BaseFederationServlet.
        # type-ignore: mypy doesn't seem able to deduce the type of the limiter(!?)
-        await self._room_member_handler._join_rate_per_room_limiter.ratelimit(  # type: ignore[has-type]
+        await self._room_member_handler._join_rate_per_room_limiter.ratelimit(
            requester=None,
            key=room_id,
            update=False,
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
            SynapseTags.SEND_JOIN_RESPONSE_IS_PARTIAL_STATE,
            caller_supports_partial_state,
        )
-        await self._room_member_handler._join_rate_per_room_limiter.ratelimit(  # type: ignore[has-type]
+        await self._room_member_handler._join_rate_per_room_limiter.ratelimit(
            requester=None,
            key=room_id,
            update=False,
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #
 import datetime
 import logging
+from collections import OrderedDict
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Hashable, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Type

@@ -68,6 +69,10 @@ sent_edus_by_type = Counter(
 # If the retry interval is larger than this then we enter "catchup" mode
 CATCHUP_RETRY_INTERVAL = 60 * 60 * 1000

+# Limit how many presence states we add to each presence EDU, to ensure that
+# they are bounded in size.
+MAX_PRESENCE_STATES_PER_EDU = 50
+

 class PerDestinationQueue:
    """
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:

        # Map of user_id -> UserPresenceState of pending presence to be sent to this
        # destination
-        self._pending_presence: Dict[str, UserPresenceState] = {}
+        self._pending_presence: OrderedDict[str, UserPresenceState] = OrderedDict()

        # List of room_id -> receipt_type -> user_id -> receipt_dict,
        #
@@ -399,7 +404,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
                # through another mechanism, because this is all volatile!
                self._pending_edus = []
                self._pending_edus_keyed = {}
-                self._pending_presence = {}
+                self._pending_presence.clear()
                self._pending_receipt_edus = []

                self._start_catching_up()
@@ -721,22 +726,26 @@ class _TransactionQueueManager:

        # Add presence EDU.
        if self.queue._pending_presence:
+            # Only send max 50 presence entries in the EDU, to bound the amount
+            # of data we're sending.
+            presence_to_add: List[JsonDict] = []
+            while (
+                self.queue._pending_presence
+                and len(presence_to_add) < MAX_PRESENCE_STATES_PER_EDU
+            ):
+                _, presence = self.queue._pending_presence.popitem(last=False)
+                presence_to_add.append(
+                    format_user_presence_state(presence, self.queue._clock.time_msec())
+                )
+
            pending_edus.append(
                Edu(
                    origin=self.queue._server_name,
                    destination=self.queue._destination,
                    edu_type=EduTypes.PRESENCE,
-                    content={
-                        "push": [
-                            format_user_presence_state(
-                                presence, self.queue._clock.time_msec()
-                            )
-                            for presence in self.queue._pending_presence.values()
-                        ]
-                    },
+                    content={"push": presence_to_add},
                )
            )
-            self.queue._pending_presence = {}

        # Add read receipt EDUs.
        pending_edus.extend(self.queue._get_receipt_edus(force_flush=False, limit=5))
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import ijson

 from synapse.api.constants import Direction, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, HttpResponseException, SynapseError
+from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.api.room_versions import RoomVersion
 from synapse.api.urls import (
    FEDERATION_UNSTABLE_PREFIX,
@@ -819,9 +820,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
        output_stream: BinaryIO,
        max_size: int,
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]]]:
        path = f"/_matrix/media/r0/download/{destination}/{media_id}"
-
        return await self.client.get_file(
            destination,
            path,
@@ -834,6 +836,8 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
                "allow_remote": "false",
                "timeout_ms": str(max_timeout_ms),
            },
+            download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+            ip_address=ip_address,
        )

    async def download_media_v3(
@@ -843,9 +847,10 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
        output_stream: BinaryIO,
        max_size: int,
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]]]:
        path = f"/_matrix/media/v3/download/{destination}/{media_id}"
-
        return await self.client.get_file(
            destination,
            path,
@@ -862,6 +867,31 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
                "allow_redirect": "true",
            },
            follow_redirects=True,
+            download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+            ip_address=ip_address,
+        )
+
+    async def federation_download_media(
+        self,
+        destination: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        output_stream: BinaryIO,
+        max_size: int,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]], bytes]:
+        path = f"/_matrix/federation/v1/media/download/{media_id}"
+        return await self.client.federation_get_file(
+            destination,
+            path,
+            output_stream=output_stream,
+            max_size=max_size,
+            args={
+                "timeout_ms": str(max_timeout_ms),
+            },
+            download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+            ip_address=ip_address,
        )


--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/init.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/init.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ from synapse.federation.transport.server._base import (
 from synapse.federation.transport.server.federation import (
    FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES,
    FederationAccountStatusServlet,
+    FederationMediaDownloadServlet,
    FederationUnstableClientKeysClaimServlet,
 )
 from synapse.http.server import HttpServer, JsonResource
@@ -315,6 +316,10 @@ def register_servlets(
            ):
                continue

+            if servletclass == FederationMediaDownloadServlet:
+                if not hs.config.server.enable_media_repo:
+                    continue
+
            servletclass(
                hs=hs,
                authenticator=authenticator,
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/_base.py
@@ -360,13 +360,29 @@ class BaseFederationServlet:
                                    "request"
                                )
                                return None
+                            if (
+                                func.__self__.__class__.__name__  # type: ignore
+                                == "FederationMediaDownloadServlet"
+                            ):
+                                response = await func(
+                                    origin, content, request, *args, **kwargs
+                                )
+                            else:
+                                response = await func(
+                                    origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs
+                                )
+                    else:
+                        if (
+                            func.__self__.__class__.__name__  # type: ignore
+                            == "FederationMediaDownloadServlet"
+                        ):
+                            response = await func(
+                                origin, content, request, *args, **kwargs
+                            )
+                        else:
                            response = await func(
                                origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs
                            )
-                    else:
-                        response = await func(
-                            origin, content, request.args, *args, **kwargs
-                        )
            finally:
                # if we used the origin's context as the parent, add a new span using
                # the servlet span as a parent, so that we have a link
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/federation.py
@@ -44,10 +44,13 @@ from synapse.federation.transport.server._base import (
 )
 from synapse.http.servlet import (
    parse_boolean_from_args,
+    parse_integer,
    parse_integer_from_args,
    parse_string_from_args,
    parse_strings_from_args,
 )
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
+from synapse.media._base import DEFAULT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION
 from synapse.util.ratelimitutils import FederationRateLimiter
@@ -787,6 +790,42 @@ class FederationAccountStatusServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
        return 200, {"account_statuses": statuses, "failures": failures}


+class FederationMediaDownloadServlet(BaseFederationServerServlet):
+    """
+    Implementation of new federation media `/download` endpoint outlined in MSC3916. Returns
+    a multipart/mixed response consisting of a JSON object and the requested media
+    item. This endpoint only returns local media.
+    """
+
+    PATH = "/media/download/(?P<media_id>[^/]*)"
+    RATELIMIT = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+        ratelimiter: FederationRateLimiter,
+        authenticator: Authenticator,
+        server_name: str,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(hs, authenticator, ratelimiter, server_name)
+        self.media_repo = self.hs.get_media_repository()
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self,
+        origin: Optional[str],
+        content: Literal[None],
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        media_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        max_timeout_ms = parse_integer(
+            request, "timeout_ms", default=DEFAULT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS
+        )
+        max_timeout_ms = min(max_timeout_ms, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS)
+        await self.media_repo.get_local_media(
+            request, media_id, None, max_timeout_ms, federation=True
+        )
+
+
 FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES: Tuple[Type[BaseFederationServlet], ...] = (
    FederationSendServlet,
    FederationEventServlet,
@@ -818,4 +857,5 @@ FEDERATION_SERVLET_CLASSES: Tuple[Type[BaseFederationServlet], ...] = (
    FederationV1SendKnockServlet,
    FederationMakeKnockServlet,
    FederationAccountStatusServlet,
+    FederationMediaDownloadServlet,
 )
--- a/synapse/handlers/admin.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/admin.py
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ class AdminHandler:
        self._device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
        self._state_storage_controller = self._storage_controllers.state
-        self._hs_config = hs.config
        self._msc3866_enabled = hs.config.experimental.msc3866.enabled

    async def get_whois(self, user: UserID) -> JsonMapping:
@@ -126,13 +125,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
        # Get all rooms the user is in or has been in
        rooms = await self._store.get_rooms_for_local_user_where_membership_is(
            user_id,
-            membership_list=(
-                Membership.JOIN,
-                Membership.LEAVE,
-                Membership.BAN,
-                Membership.INVITE,
-                Membership.KNOCK,
-            ),
+            membership_list=Membership.LIST,
        )

        # We only try and fetch events for rooms the user has been in. If
@@ -179,7 +172,7 @@ class AdminHandler:
            if room.membership == Membership.JOIN:
                stream_ordering = self._store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
            else:
-                stream_ordering = room.stream_ordering
+                stream_ordering = room.event_pos.stream

            from_key = RoomStreamToken(topological=0, stream=0)
            to_key = RoomStreamToken(stream=stream_ordering)
@@ -221,7 +214,6 @@ class AdminHandler:
                    self._storage_controllers,
                    user_id,
                    events,
-                    msc4115_membership_on_events=self._hs_config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
                )

                writer.write_events(room_id, events)
--- a/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
@@ -236,6 +236,13 @@ class DeviceMessageHandler:
        local_messages = {}
        remote_messages: Dict[str, Dict[str, Dict[str, JsonDict]]] = {}
        for user_id, by_device in messages.items():
+            if not UserID.is_valid(user_id):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring attempt to send device message to invalid user: %r",
+                    user_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
            # add an opentracing log entry for each message
            for device_id, message_content in by_device.items():
                log_kv(
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import CodeMessageException, Codes, NotFoundError, Synap
 from synapse.handlers.device import DeviceHandler
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import log_kv, set_tag, tag_args, trace
+from synapse.replication.http.devices import ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet
 from synapse.types import (
    JsonDict,
    JsonMapping,
@@ -45,7 +46,10 @@ from synapse.types import (
 from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute
 from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
-from synapse.util.retryutils import NotRetryingDestination
+from synapse.util.retryutils import (
+    NotRetryingDestination,
+    filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter,
+)

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


+ONE_TIME_KEY_UPLOAD = "one_time_key_upload_lock"
+
+
 class E2eKeysHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.config = hs.config
@@ -62,6 +69,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
        self._appservice_handler = hs.get_application_service_handler()
        self.is_mine = hs.is_mine
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._worker_lock_handler = hs.get_worker_locks_handler()

        federation_registry = hs.get_federation_registry()

@@ -82,6 +90,12 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
                edu_updater.incoming_signing_key_update,
            )

+            self.device_key_uploader = self.upload_device_keys_for_user
+        else:
+            self.device_key_uploader = (
+                ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+            )
+
        # doesn't really work as part of the generic query API, because the
        # query request requires an object POST, but we abuse the
        # "query handler" interface.
@@ -145,6 +159,11 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
            remote_queries = {}

            for user_id, device_ids in device_keys_query.items():
+                if not UserID.is_valid(user_id):
+                    # Ignore invalid user IDs, which is the same behaviour as if
+                    # the user existed but had no keys.
+                    continue
+
                # we use UserID.from_string to catch invalid user ids
                if self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(user_id)):
                    local_query[user_id] = device_ids
@@ -259,10 +278,8 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
                "%d destinations to query devices for", len(remote_queries_not_in_cache)
            )

-            async def _query(
-                destination_queries: Tuple[str, Dict[str, Iterable[str]]]
-            ) -> None:
-                destination, queries = destination_queries
+            async def _query(destination: str) -> None:
+                queries = remote_queries_not_in_cache[destination]
                return await self._query_devices_for_destination(
                    results,
                    cross_signing_keys,
@@ -272,9 +289,20 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
                    timeout,
                )

+            # Only try and fetch keys for destinations that are not marked as
+            # down.
+            filtered_destinations = await filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter(
+                remote_queries_not_in_cache.keys(),
+                self.clock,
+                self.store,
+                # Let's give an arbitrary grace period for those hosts that are
+                # only recently down
+                retry_due_within_ms=60 * 1000,
+            )
+
            await concurrently_execute(
                _query,
-                remote_queries_not_in_cache.items(),
+                filtered_destinations,
                10,
                delay_cancellation=True,
            )
@@ -775,36 +803,17 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
            "one_time_keys": A mapping from algorithm to number of keys for that
                algorithm, including those previously persisted.
        """
-        # This can only be called from the main process.
-        assert isinstance(self.device_handler, DeviceHandler)
-
        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()

        # TODO: Validate the JSON to make sure it has the right keys.
        device_keys = keys.get("device_keys", None)
        if device_keys:
-            logger.info(
-                "Updating device_keys for device %r for user %s at %d",
-                device_id,
-                user_id,
-                time_now,
+            await self.device_key_uploader(
+                user_id=user_id,
+                device_id=device_id,
+                keys={"device_keys": device_keys},
            )
-            log_kv(
-                {
-                    "message": "Updating device_keys for user.",
-                    "user_id": user_id,
-                    "device_id": device_id,
-                }
-            )
-            # TODO: Sign the JSON with the server key
-            changed = await self.store.set_e2e_device_keys(
-                user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys
-            )
-            if changed:
-                # Only notify about device updates *if* the keys actually changed
-                await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, [device_id])
-        else:
-            log_kv({"message": "Not updating device_keys for user", "user_id": user_id})
+
        one_time_keys = keys.get("one_time_keys", None)
        if one_time_keys:
            log_kv(
@@ -840,6 +849,49 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
                {"message": "Did not update fallback_keys", "reason": "no keys given"}
            )

+        result = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id)
+
+        set_tag("one_time_key_counts", str(result))
+        return {"one_time_key_counts": result}
+
+    @tag_args
+    async def upload_device_keys_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, device_id: str, keys: JsonDict
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+            user_id: user whose keys are being uploaded.
+            device_id: device whose keys are being uploaded.
+            device_keys: the `device_keys` of an /keys/upload request.
+
+        """
+        # This can only be called from the main process.
+        assert isinstance(self.device_handler, DeviceHandler)
+
+        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        device_keys = keys["device_keys"]
+        logger.info(
+            "Updating device_keys for device %r for user %s at %d",
+            device_id,
+            user_id,
+            time_now,
+        )
+        log_kv(
+            {
+                "message": "Updating device_keys for user.",
+                "user_id": user_id,
+                "device_id": device_id,
+            }
+        )
+        # TODO: Sign the JSON with the server key
+        changed = await self.store.set_e2e_device_keys(
+            user_id, device_id, time_now, device_keys
+        )
+        if changed:
+            # Only notify about device updates *if* the keys actually changed
+            await self.device_handler.notify_device_update(user_id, [device_id])
+
        # the device should have been registered already, but it may have been
        # deleted due to a race with a DELETE request. Or we may be using an
        # old access_token without an associated device_id. Either way, we
@@ -847,53 +899,56 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
        # keys without a corresponding device.
        await self.device_handler.check_device_registered(user_id, device_id)

-        result = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id)
-
-        set_tag("one_time_key_counts", str(result))
-        return {"one_time_key_counts": result}
-
    async def _upload_one_time_keys_for_user(
        self, user_id: str, device_id: str, time_now: int, one_time_keys: JsonDict
    ) -> None:
-        logger.info(
-            "Adding one_time_keys %r for device %r for user %r at %d",
-            one_time_keys.keys(),
-            device_id,
-            user_id,
-            time_now,
-        )
+        # We take out a lock so that we don't have to worry about a client
+        # sending duplicate requests.
+        lock_key = f"{user_id}_{device_id}"
+        async with self._worker_lock_handler.acquire_lock(
+            ONE_TIME_KEY_UPLOAD, lock_key
+        ):
+            logger.info(
+                "Adding one_time_keys %r for device %r for user %r at %d",
+                one_time_keys.keys(),
+                device_id,
+                user_id,
+                time_now,
+            )

-        # make a list of (alg, id, key) tuples
-        key_list = []
-        for key_id, key_obj in one_time_keys.items():
-            algorithm, key_id = key_id.split(":")
-            key_list.append((algorithm, key_id, key_obj))
+            # make a list of (alg, id, key) tuples
+            key_list = []
+            for key_id, key_obj in one_time_keys.items():
+                algorithm, key_id = key_id.split(":")
+                key_list.append((algorithm, key_id, key_obj))

-        # First we check if we have already persisted any of the keys.
-        existing_key_map = await self.store.get_e2e_one_time_keys(
-            user_id, device_id, [k_id for _, k_id, _ in key_list]
-        )
+            # First we check if we have already persisted any of the keys.
+            existing_key_map = await self.store.get_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                user_id, device_id, [k_id for _, k_id, _ in key_list]
+            )

-        new_keys = []  # Keys that we need to insert. (alg, id, json) tuples.
-        for algorithm, key_id, key in key_list:
-            ex_json = existing_key_map.get((algorithm, key_id), None)
-            if ex_json:
-                if not _one_time_keys_match(ex_json, key):
-                    raise SynapseError(
-                        400,
-                        (
-                            "One time key %s:%s already exists. "
-                            "Old key: %s; new key: %r"
+            new_keys = []  # Keys that we need to insert. (alg, id, json) tuples.
+            for algorithm, key_id, key in key_list:
+                ex_json = existing_key_map.get((algorithm, key_id), None)
+                if ex_json:
+                    if not _one_time_keys_match(ex_json, key):
+                        raise SynapseError(
+                            400,
+                            (
+                                "One time key %s:%s already exists. "
+                                "Old key: %s; new key: %r"
+                            )
+                            % (algorithm, key_id, ex_json, key),
                        )
-                        % (algorithm, key_id, ex_json, key),
+                else:
+                    new_keys.append(
+                        (algorithm, key_id, encode_canonical_json(key).decode("ascii"))
                    )
-            else:
-                new_keys.append(
-                    (algorithm, key_id, encode_canonical_json(key).decode("ascii"))
-                )

-        log_kv({"message": "Inserting new one_time_keys.", "keys": new_keys})
-        await self.store.add_e2e_one_time_keys(user_id, device_id, time_now, new_keys)
+            log_kv({"message": "Inserting new one_time_keys.", "keys": new_keys})
+            await self.store.add_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                user_id, device_id, time_now, new_keys
+            )

    async def upload_signing_keys_for_user(
        self, user_id: str, keys: JsonDict
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_room_keys.py
@@ -247,6 +247,12 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler:
                    if current_room_key:
                        if self._should_replace_room_key(current_room_key, room_key):
                            log_kv({"message": "Replacing room key."})
+                            logger.debug(
+                                "Replacing room key. room=%s session=%s user=%s",
+                                room_id,
+                                session_id,
+                                user_id,
+                            )
                            # updates are done one at a time in the DB, so send
                            # updates right away rather than batching them up,
                            # like we do with the inserts
@@ -256,6 +262,12 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler:
                            changed = True
                        else:
                            log_kv({"message": "Not replacing room_key."})
+                            logger.debug(
+                                "Not replacing room key. room=%s session=%s user=%s",
+                                room_id,
+                                session_id,
+                                user_id,
+                            )
                    else:
                        log_kv(
                            {
@@ -265,6 +277,12 @@ class E2eRoomKeysHandler:
                            }
                        )
                        log_kv({"message": "Replacing room key."})
+                        logger.debug(
+                            "Inserting new room key. room=%s session=%s user=%s",
+                            room_id,
+                            session_id,
+                            user_id,
+                        )
                        to_insert.append((room_id, session_id, room_key))
                        changed = True

--- a/synapse/handlers/events.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/events.py
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ class EventHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
-        self._config = hs.config

    async def get_event(
        self,
@@ -194,7 +193,6 @@ class EventHandler:
            user.to_string(),
            [event],
            is_peeking=is_peeking,
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self._config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        if not filtered:
--- a/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/initial_sync.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                    )
                elif event.membership == Membership.LEAVE:
                    room_end_token = RoomStreamToken(
-                        stream=event.stream_ordering,
+                        stream=event.event_pos.stream,
                    )
                    deferred_room_state = run_in_background(
                        self._state_storage_controller.get_state_for_events,
@@ -224,7 +224,6 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
                    self._storage_controllers,
                    user_id,
                    messages,
-                    msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
                )

                start_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(StreamKeyType.ROOM, token)
@@ -383,7 +382,6 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
            requester.user.to_string(),
            messages,
            is_peeking=is_peeking,
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        start_token = StreamToken.START.copy_and_replace(StreamKeyType.ROOM, token)
@@ -498,7 +496,6 @@ class InitialSyncHandler:
            requester.user.to_string(),
            messages,
            is_peeking=is_peeking,
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        start_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(StreamKeyType.ROOM, token)
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class MessageHandler:

        if at_token:
            last_event_id = (
-                await self.store.get_last_event_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+                await self.store.get_last_event_id_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
                    room_id,
                    end_token=at_token.room_key,
                )
@@ -496,13 +496,6 @@ class EventCreationHandler:

        self.room_prejoin_state_types = self.hs.config.api.room_prejoin_state

-        self.membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in = {
-            Membership.JOIN,
-            Membership.KNOCK,
-        }
-        if self.hs.config.server.include_profile_data_on_invite:
-            self.membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in.add(Membership.INVITE)
-
        self.send_event = ReplicationSendEventRestServlet.make_client(hs)
        self.send_events = ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet.make_client(hs)

@@ -594,8 +587,6 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
        Creates an FrozenEvent object, filling out auth_events, prev_events,
        etc.

-        Adds display names to Join membership events.
-
        Args:
            requester
            event_dict: An entire event
@@ -651,6 +642,17 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
        """
        await self.auth_blocking.check_auth_blocking(requester=requester)

+        if event_dict["type"] == EventTypes.Message:
+            requester_suspended = await self.store.get_user_suspended_status(
+                requester.user.to_string()
+            )
+            if requester_suspended:
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    403,
+                    "Sending messages while account is suspended is not allowed.",
+                    Codes.USER_ACCOUNT_SUSPENDED,
+                )
+
        if event_dict["type"] == EventTypes.Create and event_dict["state_key"] == "":
            room_version_id = event_dict["content"]["room_version"]
            maybe_room_version_obj = KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS.get(room_version_id)
@@ -672,29 +674,6 @@ class EventCreationHandler:

        self.validator.validate_builder(builder)

-        if builder.type == EventTypes.Member:
-            membership = builder.content.get("membership", None)
-            target = UserID.from_string(builder.state_key)
-
-            if membership in self.membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in:
-                # If event doesn't include a display name, add one.
-                profile = self.profile_handler
-                content = builder.content
-
-                try:
-                    if "displayname" not in content:
-                        displayname = await profile.get_displayname(target)
-                        if displayname is not None:
-                            content["displayname"] = displayname
-                    if "avatar_url" not in content:
-                        avatar_url = await profile.get_avatar_url(target)
-                        if avatar_url is not None:
-                            content["avatar_url"] = avatar_url
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Failed to get profile information for %r: %s", target, e
-                    )
-
        is_exempt = await self._is_exempt_from_privacy_policy(builder, requester)
        if require_consent and not is_exempt:
            await self.assert_accepted_privacy_policy(requester)
@@ -1583,6 +1562,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                    # stream_ordering entry manually (as it was persisted on
                    # another worker).
                    event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering = stream_id
+                    event.internal_metadata.instance_name = writer_instance

                return event

--- a/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/pagination.py
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from synapse.api.constants import Direction, EventTypes, Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
 from synapse.api.filtering import Filter
 from synapse.events.utils import SerializeEventConfig
-from synapse.handlers.room import ShutdownRoomParams, ShutdownRoomResponse
 from synapse.handlers.worker_lock import NEW_EVENT_DURING_PURGE_LOCK_NAME
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import trace
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ from synapse.types import (
    StreamKeyType,
    TaskStatus,
 )
+from synapse.types.handlers import ShutdownRoomParams, ShutdownRoomResponse
 from synapse.types.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import ReadWriteLock
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_client
@@ -623,7 +623,6 @@ class PaginationHandler:
                user_id,
                events,
                is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
-                msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
            )

        # if after the filter applied there are no more events
--- a/synapse/handlers/register.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/register.py
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ class RegistrationHandler:
                # moving away from bare excepts is a good thing to do.
                logger.error("Failed to join new user to %r: %r", r, e)
            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error("Failed to join new user to %r: %r", r, e)
+                logger.error("Failed to join new user to %r: %r", r, e, exc_info=True)

    async def _auto_join_rooms(self, user_id: str) -> None:
        """Automatically joins users to auto join rooms - creating the room in the first place
--- a/synapse/handlers/relations.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/relations.py
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ class RelationsHandler:
        self._event_handler = hs.get_event_handler()
        self._event_serializer = hs.get_event_client_serializer()
        self._event_creation_handler = hs.get_event_creation_handler()
-        self._config = hs.config

    async def get_relations(
        self,
@@ -164,7 +163,6 @@ class RelationsHandler:
            user_id,
            events,
            is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self._config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        # The relations returned for the requested event do include their
@@ -393,9 +391,9 @@ class RelationsHandler:

                # Attempt to find another event to use as the latest event.
                potential_events, _ = await self._main_store.get_relations_for_event(
+                    room_id,
                    event_id,
                    event,
-                    room_id,
                    RelationTypes.THREAD,
                    direction=Direction.FORWARDS,
                )
@@ -610,7 +608,6 @@ class RelationsHandler:
            user_id,
            events,
            is_peeking=(member_event_id is None),
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self._config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        aggregations = await self.get_bundled_aggregations(
--- a/synapse/handlers/room.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from typing import (
 )

 import attr
-from typing_extensions import TypedDict

 import synapse.events.snapshot
 from synapse.api.constants import (
@@ -88,6 +87,7 @@ from synapse.types import (
    UserID,
    create_requester,
 )
+from synapse.types.handlers import ShutdownRoomParams, ShutdownRoomResponse
 from synapse.types.state import StateFilter
 from synapse.util import stringutils
 from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache
@@ -1476,7 +1476,6 @@ class RoomContextHandler:
                user.to_string(),
                events,
                is_peeking=is_peeking,
-                msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
            )

        event = await self.store.get_event(
@@ -1780,63 +1779,6 @@ class RoomEventSource(EventSource[RoomStreamToken, EventBase]):
        return self.store.get_current_room_stream_token_for_room_id(room_id)


-class ShutdownRoomParams(TypedDict):
-    """
-    Attributes:
-        requester_user_id:
-            User who requested the action. Will be recorded as putting the room on the
-            blocking list.
-        new_room_user_id:
-            If set, a new room will be created with this user ID
-            as the creator and admin, and all users in the old room will be
-            moved into that room. If not set, no new room will be created
-            and the users will just be removed from the old room.
-        new_room_name:
-            A string representing the name of the room that new users will
-            be invited to. Defaults to `Content Violation Notification`
-        message:
-            A string containing the first message that will be sent as
-            `new_room_user_id` in the new room. Ideally this will clearly
-            convey why the original room was shut down.
-            Defaults to `Sharing illegal content on this server is not
-            permitted and rooms in violation will be blocked.`
-        block:
-            If set to `true`, this room will be added to a blocking list,
-            preventing future attempts to join the room. Defaults to `false`.
-        purge:
-            If set to `true`, purge the given room from the database.
-        force_purge:
-            If set to `true`, the room will be purged from database
-            even if there are still users joined to the room.
-    """
-
-    requester_user_id: Optional[str]
-    new_room_user_id: Optional[str]
-    new_room_name: Optional[str]
-    message: Optional[str]
-    block: bool
-    purge: bool
-    force_purge: bool
-
-
-class ShutdownRoomResponse(TypedDict):
-    """
-    Attributes:
-        kicked_users: An array of users (`user_id`) that were kicked.
-        failed_to_kick_users:
-            An array of users (`user_id`) that that were not kicked.
-        local_aliases:
-            An array of strings representing the local aliases that were
-            migrated from the old room to the new.
-        new_room_id: A string representing the room ID of the new room.
-    """
-
-    kicked_users: List[str]
-    failed_to_kick_users: List[str]
-    local_aliases: List[str]
-    new_room_id: Optional[str]
-
-
 class RoomShutdownHandler:
    DEFAULT_MESSAGE = (
        "Sharing illegal content on this server is not permitted and rooms in"
--- a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py
@@ -106,6 +106,13 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
        self.event_auth_handler = hs.get_event_auth_handler()
        self._worker_lock_handler = hs.get_worker_locks_handler()

+        self._membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in = {
+            Membership.JOIN,
+            Membership.KNOCK,
+        }
+        if self.hs.config.server.include_profile_data_on_invite:
+            self._membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in.add(Membership.INVITE)
+
        self.member_linearizer: Linearizer = Linearizer(name="member")
        self.member_as_limiter = Linearizer(max_count=10, name="member_as_limiter")

@@ -785,9 +792,8 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
        if (
            not self.allow_per_room_profiles and not is_requester_server_notices_user
        ) or requester.shadow_banned:
-            # Strip profile data, knowing that new profile data will be added to the
-            # event's content in event_creation_handler.create_event() using the target's
-            # global profile.
+            # Strip profile data, knowing that new profile data will be added to
+            # the event's content below using the target's global profile.
            content.pop("displayname", None)
            content.pop("avatar_url", None)

@@ -823,6 +829,29 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
        if action in ["kick", "unban"]:
            effective_membership_state = "leave"

+        if effective_membership_state not in Membership.LIST:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid membership key")
+
+        # Add profile data for joins etc, if no per-room profile.
+        if (
+            effective_membership_state
+            in self._membership_types_to_include_profile_data_in
+        ):
+            # If event doesn't include a display name, add one.
+            profile = self.profile_handler
+
+            try:
+                if "displayname" not in content:
+                    displayname = await profile.get_displayname(target)
+                    if displayname is not None:
+                        content["displayname"] = displayname
+                if "avatar_url" not in content:
+                    avatar_url = await profile.get_avatar_url(target)
+                    if avatar_url is not None:
+                        content["avatar_url"] = avatar_url
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.info("Failed to get profile information for %r: %s", target, e)
+
        # if this is a join with a 3pid signature, we may need to turn a 3pid
        # invite into a normal invite before we can handle the join.
        if third_party_signed is not None:
--- a/synapse/handlers/search.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/search.py
@@ -483,7 +483,6 @@ class SearchHandler:
            self._storage_controllers,
            user.to_string(),
            filtered_events,
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )

        events.sort(key=lambda e: -rank_map[e.event_id])
@@ -585,7 +584,6 @@ class SearchHandler:
                self._storage_controllers,
                user.to_string(),
                filtered_events,
-                msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
            )

            room_events.extend(events)
@@ -673,14 +671,12 @@ class SearchHandler:
                self._storage_controllers,
                user.to_string(),
                res.events_before,
-                msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
            )

            events_after = await filter_events_for_client(
                self._storage_controllers,
                user.to_string(),
                res.events_after,
-                msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
            )

            context: JsonDict = {
--- a/synapse/handlers/sliding_sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sliding_sync.py
--- a/synapse/handlers/sync.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/sync.py
@@ -28,11 +28,14 @@ from typing import (
    Dict,
    FrozenSet,
    List,
+    Literal,
    Mapping,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Set,
    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    overload,
 )

 import attr
@@ -128,6 +131,8 @@ class SyncVersion(Enum):

    # Traditional `/sync` endpoint
    SYNC_V2 = "sync_v2"
+    # Part of MSC3575 Sliding Sync
+    E2EE_SYNC = "e2ee_sync"


@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
@@ -279,6 +284,47 @@ class SyncResult:
            or self.device_lists
        )

+    @staticmethod
+    def empty(
+        next_batch: StreamToken,
+        device_one_time_keys_count: JsonMapping,
+        device_unused_fallback_key_types: List[str],
+    ) -> "SyncResult":
+        "Return a new empty result"
+        return SyncResult(
+            next_batch=next_batch,
+            presence=[],
+            account_data=[],
+            joined=[],
+            invited=[],
+            knocked=[],
+            archived=[],
+            to_device=[],
+            device_lists=DeviceListUpdates(),
+            device_one_time_keys_count=device_one_time_keys_count,
+            device_unused_fallback_key_types=device_unused_fallback_key_types,
+        )
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class E2eeSyncResult:
+    """
+    Attributes:
+        next_batch: Token for the next sync
+        to_device: List of direct messages for the device.
+        device_lists: List of user_ids whose devices have changed
+        device_one_time_keys_count: Dict of algorithm to count for one time keys
+            for this device
+        device_unused_fallback_key_types: List of key types that have an unused fallback
+            key
+    """
+
+    next_batch: StreamToken
+    to_device: List[JsonDict]
+    device_lists: DeviceListUpdates
+    device_one_time_keys_count: JsonMapping
+    device_unused_fallback_key_types: List[str]
+

 class SyncHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
@@ -322,6 +368,31 @@ class SyncHandler:

        self.rooms_to_exclude_globally = hs.config.server.rooms_to_exclude_from_sync

+    @overload
+    async def wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.SYNC_V2],
+        request_key: SyncRequestKey,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        timeout: int = 0,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> SyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC],
+        request_key: SyncRequestKey,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        timeout: int = 0,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> E2eeSyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
    async def wait_for_sync_for_user(
        self,
        requester: Requester,
@@ -331,7 +402,18 @@ class SyncHandler:
        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
        timeout: int = 0,
        full_state: bool = False,
-    ) -> SyncResult:
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]: ...
+
+    async def wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        requester: Requester,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: SyncVersion,
+        request_key: SyncRequestKey,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        timeout: int = 0,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]:
        """Get the sync for a client if we have new data for it now. Otherwise
        wait for new data to arrive on the server. If the timeout expires, then
        return an empty sync result.
@@ -344,8 +426,10 @@ class SyncHandler:
            since_token: The point in the stream to sync from.
            timeout: How long to wait for new data to arrive before giving up.
            full_state: Whether to return the full state for each room.
+
        Returns:
            When `SyncVersion.SYNC_V2`, returns a full `SyncResult`.
+            When `SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC`, returns a `E2eeSyncResult`.
        """
        # If the user is not part of the mau group, then check that limits have
        # not been exceeded (if not part of the group by this point, almost certain
@@ -366,6 +450,29 @@ class SyncHandler:
        logger.debug("Returning sync response for %s", user_id)
        return res

+    @overload
+    async def _wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.SYNC_V2],
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken],
+        timeout: int,
+        full_state: bool,
+        cache_context: ResponseCacheContext[SyncRequestKey],
+    ) -> SyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def _wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC],
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken],
+        timeout: int,
+        full_state: bool,
+        cache_context: ResponseCacheContext[SyncRequestKey],
+    ) -> E2eeSyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
    async def _wait_for_sync_for_user(
        self,
        sync_config: SyncConfig,
@@ -374,7 +481,17 @@ class SyncHandler:
        timeout: int,
        full_state: bool,
        cache_context: ResponseCacheContext[SyncRequestKey],
-    ) -> SyncResult:
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]: ...
+
+    async def _wait_for_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: SyncVersion,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken],
+        timeout: int,
+        full_state: bool,
+        cache_context: ResponseCacheContext[SyncRequestKey],
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]:
        """The start of the machinery that produces a /sync response.

        See https://spec.matrix.org/v1.1/client-server-api/#syncing for full details.
@@ -401,6 +518,45 @@ class SyncHandler:
        if context:
            context.tag = sync_label

+        if since_token is not None:
+            # We need to make sure this worker has caught up with the token. If
+            # this returns false it means we timed out waiting, and we should
+            # just return an empty response.
+            start = self.clock.time_msec()
+            if not await self.notifier.wait_for_stream_token(since_token):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Timed out waiting for worker to catch up. Returning empty response"
+                )
+                device_id = sync_config.device_id
+                one_time_keys_count: JsonMapping = {}
+                unused_fallback_key_types: List[str] = []
+                if device_id:
+                    user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()
+                    # TODO: We should have a way to let clients differentiate between the states of:
+                    #   * no change in OTK count since the provided since token
+                    #   * the server has zero OTKs left for this device
+                    #  Spec issue: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/3298
+                    one_time_keys_count = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                        user_id, device_id
+                    )
+                    unused_fallback_key_types = list(
+                        await self.store.get_e2e_unused_fallback_key_types(
+                            user_id, device_id
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                cache_context.should_cache = False  # Don't cache empty responses
+                return SyncResult.empty(
+                    since_token, one_time_keys_count, unused_fallback_key_types
+                )
+
+            # If we've spent significant time waiting to catch up, take it off
+            # the timeout.
+            now = self.clock.time_msec()
+            if now - start > 1_000:
+                timeout -= now - start
+                timeout = max(timeout, 0)
+
        # if we have a since token, delete any to-device messages before that token
        # (since we now know that the device has received them)
        if since_token is not None:
@@ -417,14 +573,16 @@ class SyncHandler:
        if timeout == 0 or since_token is None or full_state:
            # we are going to return immediately, so don't bother calling
            # notifier.wait_for_events.
-            result: SyncResult = await self.current_sync_for_user(
-                sync_config, sync_version, since_token, full_state=full_state
+            result: Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult] = (
+                await self.current_sync_for_user(
+                    sync_config, sync_version, since_token, full_state=full_state
+                )
            )
        else:
            # Otherwise, we wait for something to happen and report it to the user.
            async def current_sync_callback(
                before_token: StreamToken, after_token: StreamToken
-            ) -> SyncResult:
+            ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]:
                return await self.current_sync_for_user(
                    sync_config, sync_version, since_token
                )
@@ -456,14 +614,43 @@ class SyncHandler:

        return result

+    @overload
+    async def current_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.SYNC_V2],
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> SyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def current_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: Literal[SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC],
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> E2eeSyncResult: ...
+
+    @overload
    async def current_sync_for_user(
        self,
        sync_config: SyncConfig,
        sync_version: SyncVersion,
        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
        full_state: bool = False,
-    ) -> SyncResult:
-        """Generates the response body of a sync result, represented as a SyncResult.
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]: ...
+
+    async def current_sync_for_user(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        sync_version: SyncVersion,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+        full_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult]:
+        """
+        Generates the response body of a sync result, represented as a
+        `SyncResult`/`E2eeSyncResult`.

        This is a wrapper around `generate_sync_result` which starts an open tracing
        span to track the sync. See `generate_sync_result` for the next part of your
@@ -474,15 +661,25 @@ class SyncHandler:
            sync_version: Determines what kind of sync response to generate.
            since_token: The point in the stream to sync from.p.
            full_state: Whether to return the full state for each room.
+
        Returns:
            When `SyncVersion.SYNC_V2`, returns a full `SyncResult`.
+            When `SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC`, returns a `E2eeSyncResult`.
        """
        with start_active_span("sync.current_sync_for_user"):
            log_kv({"since_token": since_token})
+
            # Go through the `/sync` v2 path
            if sync_version == SyncVersion.SYNC_V2:
-                sync_result: SyncResult = await self.generate_sync_result(
-                    sync_config, since_token, full_state
+                sync_result: Union[SyncResult, E2eeSyncResult] = (
+                    await self.generate_sync_result(
+                        sync_config, since_token, full_state
+                    )
+                )
+            # Go through the MSC3575 Sliding Sync `/sync/e2ee` path
+            elif sync_version == SyncVersion.E2EE_SYNC:
+                sync_result = await self.generate_e2ee_sync_result(
+                    sync_config, since_token
                )
            else:
                raise Exception(
@@ -647,7 +844,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
                    sync_config.user.to_string(),
                    recents,
                    always_include_ids=current_state_ids,
-                    msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs_config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
                )
                log_kv({"recents_after_visibility_filtering": len(recents)})
            else:
@@ -733,7 +929,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
                    sync_config.user.to_string(),
                    loaded_recents,
                    always_include_ids=current_state_ids,
-                    msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs_config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
                )

                loaded_recents = []
@@ -784,89 +979,6 @@ class SyncHandler:
            bundled_aggregations=bundled_aggregations,
        )

-    async def get_state_after_event(
-        self,
-        event_id: str,
-        state_filter: Optional[StateFilter] = None,
-        await_full_state: bool = True,
-    ) -> StateMap[str]:
-        """
-        Get the room state after the given event
-
-        Args:
-            event_id: event of interest
-            state_filter: The state filter used to fetch state from the database.
-            await_full_state: if `True`, will block if we do not yet have complete state
-                at the event and `state_filter` is not satisfied by partial state.
-                Defaults to `True`.
-        """
-        state_ids = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_ids_for_event(
-            event_id,
-            state_filter=state_filter or StateFilter.all(),
-            await_full_state=await_full_state,
-        )
-
-        # using get_metadata_for_events here (instead of get_event) sidesteps an issue
-        # with redactions: if `event_id` is a redaction event, and we don't have the
-        # original (possibly because it got purged), get_event will refuse to return
-        # the redaction event, which isn't terribly helpful here.
-        #
-        # (To be fair, in that case we could assume it's *not* a state event, and
-        # therefore we don't need to worry about it. But still, it seems cleaner just
-        # to pull the metadata.)
-        m = (await self.store.get_metadata_for_events([event_id]))[event_id]
-        if m.state_key is not None and m.rejection_reason is None:
-            state_ids = dict(state_ids)
-            state_ids[(m.event_type, m.state_key)] = event_id
-
-        return state_ids
-
-    async def get_state_at(
-        self,
-        room_id: str,
-        stream_position: StreamToken,
-        state_filter: Optional[StateFilter] = None,
-        await_full_state: bool = True,
-    ) -> StateMap[str]:
-        """Get the room state at a particular stream position
-
-        Args:
-            room_id: room for which to get state
-            stream_position: point at which to get state
-            state_filter: The state filter used to fetch state from the database.
-            await_full_state: if `True`, will block if we do not yet have complete state
-                at the last event in the room before `stream_position` and
-                `state_filter` is not satisfied by partial state. Defaults to `True`.
-        """
-        # FIXME: This gets the state at the latest event before the stream ordering,
-        # which might not be the same as the "current state" of the room at the time
-        # of the stream token if there were multiple forward extremities at the time.
-        last_event_id = await self.store.get_last_event_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
-            room_id,
-            end_token=stream_position.room_key,
-        )
-
-        if last_event_id:
-            state = await self.get_state_after_event(
-                last_event_id,
-                state_filter=state_filter or StateFilter.all(),
-                await_full_state=await_full_state,
-            )
-
-        else:
-            # no events in this room - so presumably no state
-            state = {}
-
-            # (erikj) This should be rarely hit, but we've had some reports that
-            # we get more state down gappy syncs than we should, so let's add
-            # some logging.
-            logger.info(
-                "Failed to find any events in room %s at %s",
-                room_id,
-                stream_position.room_key,
-            )
-        return state
-
    async def compute_summary(
        self,
        room_id: str,
@@ -1240,7 +1352,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
            await_full_state = True
            lazy_load_members = False

-        state_at_timeline_end = await self.get_state_at(
+        state_at_timeline_end = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
            room_id,
            stream_position=end_token,
            state_filter=state_filter,
@@ -1324,7 +1436,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
            # We need to make sure the first event in our batch points to the
            # last event in the previous batch.
            last_event_id_prev_batch = (
-                await self.store.get_last_event_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
+                await self.store.get_last_event_id_in_room_before_stream_ordering(
                    room_id,
                    end_token=since_token.room_key,
                )
@@ -1368,7 +1480,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
        else:
            # We can get here if the user has ignored the senders of all
            # the recent events.
-            state_at_timeline_start = await self.get_state_at(
+            state_at_timeline_start = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
                room_id,
                stream_position=end_token,
                state_filter=state_filter,
@@ -1390,14 +1502,14 @@ class SyncHandler:
            # about them).
            state_filter = StateFilter.all()

-        state_at_previous_sync = await self.get_state_at(
+        state_at_previous_sync = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
            room_id,
            stream_position=since_token,
            state_filter=state_filter,
            await_full_state=await_full_state,
        )

-        state_at_timeline_end = await self.get_state_at(
+        state_at_timeline_end = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
            room_id,
            stream_position=end_token,
            state_filter=state_filter,
@@ -1691,6 +1803,96 @@ class SyncHandler:
            next_batch=sync_result_builder.now_token,
        )

+    async def generate_e2ee_sync_result(
+        self,
+        sync_config: SyncConfig,
+        since_token: Optional[StreamToken] = None,
+    ) -> E2eeSyncResult:
+        """
+        Generates the response body of a MSC3575 Sliding Sync `/sync/e2ee` result.
+
+        This is represented by a `E2eeSyncResult` struct, which is built from small
+        pieces using a `SyncResultBuilder`. The `sync_result_builder` is passed as a
+        mutable ("inout") parameter to various helper functions. These retrieve and
+        process the data which forms the sync body, often writing to the
+        `sync_result_builder` to store their output.
+
+        At the end, we transfer data from the `sync_result_builder` to a new `E2eeSyncResult`
+        instance to signify that the sync calculation is complete.
+        """
+        user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()
+        app_service = self.store.get_app_service_by_user_id(user_id)
+        if app_service:
+            # We no longer support AS users using /sync directly.
+            # See https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/1144
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        sync_result_builder = await self.get_sync_result_builder(
+            sync_config,
+            since_token,
+            full_state=False,
+        )
+
+        # 1. Calculate `to_device` events
+        await self._generate_sync_entry_for_to_device(sync_result_builder)
+
+        # 2. Calculate `device_lists`
+        # Device list updates are sent if a since token is provided.
+        device_lists = DeviceListUpdates()
+        include_device_list_updates = bool(since_token and since_token.device_list_key)
+        if include_device_list_updates:
+            # Note that _generate_sync_entry_for_rooms sets sync_result_builder.joined, which
+            # is used in calculate_user_changes below.
+            #
+            # TODO: Running `_generate_sync_entry_for_rooms()` is a lot of work just to
+            # figure out the membership changes/derived info needed for
+            # `_generate_sync_entry_for_device_list()`. In the future, we should try to
+            # refactor this away.
+            (
+                newly_joined_rooms,
+                newly_left_rooms,
+            ) = await self._generate_sync_entry_for_rooms(sync_result_builder)
+
+            # This uses the sync_result_builder.joined which is set in
+            # `_generate_sync_entry_for_rooms`, if that didn't find any joined
+            # rooms for some reason it is a no-op.
+            (
+                newly_joined_or_invited_or_knocked_users,
+                newly_left_users,
+            ) = sync_result_builder.calculate_user_changes()
+
+            device_lists = await self._generate_sync_entry_for_device_list(
+                sync_result_builder,
+                newly_joined_rooms=newly_joined_rooms,
+                newly_joined_or_invited_or_knocked_users=newly_joined_or_invited_or_knocked_users,
+                newly_left_rooms=newly_left_rooms,
+                newly_left_users=newly_left_users,
+            )
+
+        # 3. Calculate `device_one_time_keys_count` and `device_unused_fallback_key_types`
+        device_id = sync_config.device_id
+        one_time_keys_count: JsonMapping = {}
+        unused_fallback_key_types: List[str] = []
+        if device_id:
+            # TODO: We should have a way to let clients differentiate between the states of:
+            #   * no change in OTK count since the provided since token
+            #   * the server has zero OTKs left for this device
+            #  Spec issue: https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/3298
+            one_time_keys_count = await self.store.count_e2e_one_time_keys(
+                user_id, device_id
+            )
+            unused_fallback_key_types = list(
+                await self.store.get_e2e_unused_fallback_key_types(user_id, device_id)
+            )
+
+        return E2eeSyncResult(
+            to_device=sync_result_builder.to_device,
+            device_lists=device_lists,
+            device_one_time_keys_count=one_time_keys_count,
+            device_unused_fallback_key_types=unused_fallback_key_types,
+            next_batch=sync_result_builder.now_token,
+        )
+
    async def get_sync_result_builder(
        self,
        sync_config: SyncConfig,
@@ -1715,7 +1917,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
        """
        user_id = sync_config.user.to_string()

-        # Note: we get the users room list *before* we get the current token, this
+        # Note: we get the users room list *before* we get the `now_token`, this
        # avoids checking back in history if rooms are joined after the token is fetched.
        token_before_rooms = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
        mutable_joined_room_ids = set(await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(user_id))
@@ -1727,10 +1929,10 @@ class SyncHandler:
        now_token = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
        log_kv({"now_token": now_token})

-        # Since we fetched the users room list before the token, there's a small window
-        # during which membership events may have been persisted, so we fetch these now
-        # and modify the joined room list for any changes between the get_rooms_for_user
-        # call and the get_current_token call.
+        # Since we fetched the users room list before calculating the `now_token` (see
+        # above), there's a small window during which membership events may have been
+        # persisted, so we fetch these now and modify the joined room list for any
+        # changes between the get_rooms_for_user call and the get_current_token call.
        membership_change_events = []
        if since_token:
            membership_change_events = await self.store.get_membership_changes_for_user(
@@ -1740,16 +1942,19 @@ class SyncHandler:
                self.rooms_to_exclude_globally,
            )

-            mem_last_change_by_room_id: Dict[str, EventBase] = {}
+            last_membership_change_by_room_id: Dict[str, EventBase] = {}
            for event in membership_change_events:
-                mem_last_change_by_room_id[event.room_id] = event
+                last_membership_change_by_room_id[event.room_id] = event

            # For the latest membership event in each room found, add/remove the room ID
            # from the joined room list accordingly. In this case we only care if the
            # latest change is JOIN.

-            for room_id, event in mem_last_change_by_room_id.items():
+            for room_id, event in last_membership_change_by_room_id.items():
                assert event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
+                # As a shortcut, skip any events that happened before we got our
+                # `get_rooms_for_user()` snapshot (any changes are already represented
+                # in that list).
                if (
                    event.internal_metadata.stream_ordering
                    < token_before_rooms.room_key.stream
@@ -1889,7 +2094,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
        users_that_have_changed = (
            await self._device_handler.get_device_changes_in_shared_rooms(
                user_id,
-                sync_result_builder.joined_room_ids,
+                joined_room_ids,
                from_token=since_token,
                now_token=sync_result_builder.now_token,
            )
@@ -2303,7 +2508,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
                continue

            if room_id in sync_result_builder.joined_room_ids or has_join:
-                old_state_ids = await self.get_state_at(
+                old_state_ids = await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
                    room_id,
                    since_token,
                    state_filter=StateFilter.from_types([(EventTypes.Member, user_id)]),
@@ -2333,12 +2538,14 @@ class SyncHandler:
                    newly_left_rooms.append(room_id)
                else:
                    if not old_state_ids:
-                        old_state_ids = await self.get_state_at(
-                            room_id,
-                            since_token,
-                            state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
-                                [(EventTypes.Member, user_id)]
-                            ),
+                        old_state_ids = (
+                            await self._state_storage_controller.get_state_at(
+                                room_id,
+                                since_token,
+                                state_filter=StateFilter.from_types(
+                                    [(EventTypes.Member, user_id)]
+                                ),
+                            )
                        )
                        old_mem_ev_id = old_state_ids.get(
                            (EventTypes.Member, user_id), None
@@ -2543,7 +2750,7 @@ class SyncHandler:
                            continue

                leave_token = now_token.copy_and_replace(
-                    StreamKeyType.ROOM, RoomStreamToken(stream=event.stream_ordering)
+                    StreamKeyType.ROOM, RoomStreamToken(stream=event.event_pos.stream)
                )
                room_entries.append(
                    RoomSyncResultBuilder(
--- a/synapse/handlers/typing.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/typing.py
@@ -477,9 +477,9 @@ class TypingWriterHandler(FollowerTypingHandler):

        rows = []
        for room_id in changed_rooms:
-            serial = self._room_serials[room_id]
-            if last_id < serial <= current_id:
-                typing = self._room_typing[room_id]
+            serial = self._room_serials.get(room_id)
+            if serial and last_id < serial <= current_id:
+                typing = self._room_typing.get(room_id, set())
                rows.append((serial, [room_id, list(typing)]))
        rows.sort()

--- a/synapse/http/client.py
+++ b/synapse/http/client.py
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ from typing import (
    Union,
 )

+import attr
+import multipart
 import treq
 from canonicaljson import encode_canonical_json
 from netaddr import AddrFormatError, IPAddress, IPSet
@@ -1006,6 +1008,130 @@ class _DiscardBodyWithMaxSizeProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
        self._maybe_fail()


+@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, slots=True)
+class MultipartResponse:
+    """
+    A small class to hold parsed values of a multipart response.
+    """
+
+    json: bytes = b"{}"
+    length: Optional[int] = None
+    content_type: Optional[bytes] = None
+    disposition: Optional[bytes] = None
+    url: Optional[bytes] = None
+
+
+class _MultipartParserProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
+    """
+    Protocol to read and parse a MSC3916 multipart/mixed response
+    """
+
+    transport: Optional[ITCPTransport] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: ByteWriteable,
+        deferred: defer.Deferred,
+        boundary: str,
+        max_length: Optional[int],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.deferred = deferred
+        self.boundary = boundary
+        self.max_length = max_length
+        self.parser = None
+        self.multipart_response = MultipartResponse()
+        self.has_redirect = False
+        self.in_json = False
+        self.json_done = False
+        self.file_length = 0
+        self.total_length = 0
+        self.in_disposition = False
+        self.in_content_type = False
+
+    def dataReceived(self, incoming_data: bytes) -> None:
+        if self.deferred.called:
+            return
+
+        # we don't have a parser yet, instantiate it
+        if not self.parser:
+
+            def on_header_field(data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+                if data[start:end] == b"Location":
+                    self.has_redirect = True
+                if data[start:end] == b"Content-Disposition":
+                    self.in_disposition = True
+                if data[start:end] == b"Content-Type":
+                    self.in_content_type = True
+
+            def on_header_value(data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+                # the first header should be content-type for application/json
+                if not self.in_json and not self.json_done:
+                    assert data[start:end] == b"application/json"
+                    self.in_json = True
+                elif self.has_redirect:
+                    self.multipart_response.url = data[start:end]
+                elif self.in_content_type:
+                    self.multipart_response.content_type = data[start:end]
+                    self.in_content_type = False
+                elif self.in_disposition:
+                    self.multipart_response.disposition = data[start:end]
+                    self.in_disposition = False
+
+            def on_part_data(data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+                # we've seen json header but haven't written the json data
+                if self.in_json and not self.json_done:
+                    self.multipart_response.json = data[start:end]
+                    self.json_done = True
+                # we have a redirect header rather than a file, and have already captured it
+                elif self.has_redirect:
+                    return
+                # otherwise we are in the file part
+                else:
+                    logger.info("Writing multipart file data to stream")
+                    try:
+                        self.stream.write(data[start:end])
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Exception encountered writing file data to stream: {e}"
+                        )
+                        self.deferred.errback()
+                    self.file_length += end - start
+
+            callbacks = {
+                "on_header_field": on_header_field,
+                "on_header_value": on_header_value,
+                "on_part_data": on_part_data,
+            }
+            self.parser = multipart.MultipartParser(self.boundary, callbacks)
+
+        self.total_length += len(incoming_data)
+        if self.max_length is not None and self.total_length >= self.max_length:
+            self.deferred.errback(BodyExceededMaxSize())
+            # Close the connection (forcefully) since all the data will get
+            # discarded anyway.
+            assert self.transport is not None
+            self.transport.abortConnection()
+
+        try:
+            self.parser.write(incoming_data)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Exception writing to multipart parser: {e}")
+            self.deferred.errback()
+            return
+
+    def connectionLost(self, reason: Failure = connectionDone) -> None:
+        # If the maximum size was already exceeded, there's nothing to do.
+        if self.deferred.called:
+            return
+
+        if reason.check(ResponseDone):
+            self.multipart_response.length = self.file_length
+            self.deferred.callback(self.multipart_response)
+        else:
+            self.deferred.errback(reason)
+
+
 class _ReadBodyWithMaxSizeProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
    """A protocol which reads body to a stream, erroring if the body exceeds a maximum size."""

@@ -1091,6 +1217,32 @@ def read_body_with_max_size(
    return d


+def read_multipart_response(
+    response: IResponse, stream: ByteWriteable, boundary: str, max_length: Optional[int]
+) -> "defer.Deferred[MultipartResponse]":
+    """
+    Reads a MSC3916 multipart/mixed response and parses it, reading the file part (if it contains one) into
+    the stream passed in and returning a deferred resolving to a MultipartResponse
+
+    Args:
+        response: The HTTP response to read from.
+        stream: The file-object to write to.
+        boundary: the multipart/mixed boundary string
+        max_length: maximum allowable length of the response
+    """
+    d: defer.Deferred[MultipartResponse] = defer.Deferred()
+
+    # If the Content-Length header gives a size larger than the maximum allowed
+    # size, do not bother downloading the body.
+    if max_length is not None and response.length != UNKNOWN_LENGTH:
+        if response.length > max_length:
+            response.deliverBody(_DiscardBodyWithMaxSizeProtocol(d))
+            return d
+
+    response.deliverBody(_MultipartParserProtocol(stream, d, boundary, max_length))
+    return d
+
+
 def encode_query_args(args: Optional[QueryParams]) -> bytes:
    """
    Encodes a map of query arguments to bytes which can be appended to a URL.
--- a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
+++ b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ from twisted.internet.interfaces import IReactorTime
 from twisted.internet.task import Cooperator
 from twisted.web.client import ResponseFailed
 from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
-from twisted.web.iweb import IAgent, IBodyProducer, IResponse
+from twisted.web.iweb import UNKNOWN_LENGTH, IAgent, IBodyProducer, IResponse

 import synapse.metrics
 import synapse.util.retryutils
@@ -68,15 +68,18 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
    RequestSendFailed,
    SynapseError,
 )
+from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.crypto.context_factory import FederationPolicyForHTTPS
 from synapse.http import QuieterFileBodyProducer
 from synapse.http.client import (
    BlocklistingAgentWrapper,
    BodyExceededMaxSize,
    ByteWriteable,
+    SimpleHttpClient,
    _make_scheduler,
    encode_query_args,
    read_body_with_max_size,
+    read_multipart_response,
 )
 from synapse.http.connectproxyclient import BearerProxyCredentials
 from synapse.http.federation.matrix_federation_agent import MatrixFederationAgent
@@ -465,6 +468,13 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:

        self._sleeper = AwakenableSleeper(self.reactor)

+        self._simple_http_client = SimpleHttpClient(
+            hs,
+            ip_blocklist=hs.config.server.federation_ip_range_blocklist,
+            ip_allowlist=hs.config.server.federation_ip_range_allowlist,
+            use_proxy=True,
+        )
+
    def wake_destination(self, destination: str) -> None:
        """Called when the remote server may have come back online."""

@@ -1411,9 +1421,11 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
        destination: str,
        path: str,
        output_stream: BinaryIO,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+        max_size: int,
        args: Optional[QueryParams] = None,
        retry_on_dns_fail: bool = True,
-        max_size: Optional[int] = None,
        ignore_backoff: bool = False,
        follow_redirects: bool = False,
    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]]]:
@@ -1422,6 +1434,10 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
            destination: The remote server to send the HTTP request to.
            path: The HTTP path to GET.
            output_stream: File to write the response body to.
+            download_ratelimiter: a ratelimiter to limit remote media downloads, keyed to
+                requester IP
+            ip_address: IP address of the requester
+            max_size: maximum allowable size in bytes of the file
            args: Optional dictionary used to create the query string.
            ignore_backoff: true to ignore the historical backoff data
                and try the request anyway.
@@ -1441,11 +1457,27 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
                federation whitelist
            RequestSendFailed: If there were problems connecting to the
                remote, due to e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc.
+            SynapseError: If the requested file exceeds ratelimits
        """
        request = MatrixFederationRequest(
            method="GET", destination=destination, path=path, query=args
        )

+        # check for a minimum balance of 1MiB in ratelimiter before initiating request
+        send_req, _ = await download_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
+            requester=None, key=ip_address, n_actions=1048576, update=False
+        )
+
+        if not send_req:
+            msg = "Requested file size exceeds ratelimits"
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, msg, Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED)
+
        response = await self._send_request(
            request,
            retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail,
@@ -1455,12 +1487,36 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:

        headers = dict(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders())

+        expected_size = response.length
+        # if we don't get an expected length then use the max length
+        if expected_size == UNKNOWN_LENGTH:
+            expected_size = max_size
+            logger.debug(
+                f"File size unknown, assuming file is max allowable size: {max_size}"
+            )
+
+        read_body, _ = await download_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
+            requester=None,
+            key=ip_address,
+            n_actions=expected_size,
+        )
+        if not read_body:
+            msg = "Requested file size exceeds ratelimits"
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, msg, Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED)
+
        try:
-            d = read_body_with_max_size(response, output_stream, max_size)
+            # add a byte of headroom to max size as function errs at >=
+            d = read_body_with_max_size(response, output_stream, expected_size + 1)
            d.addTimeout(self.default_timeout_seconds, self.reactor)
            length = await make_deferred_yieldable(d)
        except BodyExceededMaxSize:
-            msg = "Requested file is too large > %r bytes" % (max_size,)
+            msg = "Requested file is too large > %r bytes" % (expected_size,)
            logger.warning(
                "{%s} [%s] %s",
                request.txn_id,
@@ -1506,6 +1562,189 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient:
        )
        return length, headers

+    async def federation_get_file(
+        self,
+        destination: str,
+        path: str,
+        output_stream: BinaryIO,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+        max_size: int,
+        args: Optional[QueryParams] = None,
+        retry_on_dns_fail: bool = True,
+        ignore_backoff: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, Dict[bytes, List[bytes]], bytes]:
+        """GETs a file from a given homeserver over the federation /download endpoint
+        Args:
+            destination: The remote server to send the HTTP request to.
+            path: The HTTP path to GET.
+            output_stream: File to write the response body to.
+            download_ratelimiter: a ratelimiter to limit remote media downloads, keyed to
+                requester IP
+            ip_address: IP address of the requester
+            max_size: maximum allowable size in bytes of the file
+            args: Optional dictionary used to create the query string.
+            ignore_backoff: true to ignore the historical backoff data
+                and try the request anyway.
+
+        Returns:
+            Resolves to an (int, dict, bytes) tuple of
+            the file length, a dict of the response headers, and the file json
+
+        Raises:
+            HttpResponseException: If we get an HTTP response code >= 300
+                (except 429).
+            NotRetryingDestination: If we are not yet ready to retry this
+                server.
+            FederationDeniedError: If this destination is not on our
+                federation whitelist
+            RequestSendFailed: If there were problems connecting to the
+                remote, due to e.g. DNS failures, connection timeouts etc.
+            SynapseError: If the requested file exceeds ratelimits or the response from the
+            remote server is not a multipart response
+            AssertionError: if the resolved multipart response's length is None
+        """
+        request = MatrixFederationRequest(
+            method="GET", destination=destination, path=path, query=args
+        )
+
+        # check for a minimum balance of 1MiB in ratelimiter before initiating request
+        send_req, _ = await download_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
+            requester=None, key=ip_address, n_actions=1048576, update=False
+        )
+
+        if not send_req:
+            msg = "Requested file size exceeds ratelimits"
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, msg, Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED)
+
+        response = await self._send_request(
+            request,
+            retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail,
+            ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff,
+        )
+
+        headers = dict(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders())
+
+        expected_size = response.length
+        # if we don't get an expected length then use the max length
+        if expected_size == UNKNOWN_LENGTH:
+            expected_size = max_size
+            logger.debug(
+                f"File size unknown, assuming file is max allowable size: {max_size}"
+            )
+
+        read_body, _ = await download_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
+            requester=None,
+            key=ip_address,
+            n_actions=expected_size,
+        )
+        if not read_body:
+            msg = "Requested file size exceeds ratelimits"
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.TOO_MANY_REQUESTS, msg, Codes.LIMIT_EXCEEDED)
+
+        # this should be a multipart/mixed response with the boundary string in the header
+        try:
+            raw_content_type = headers.get(b"Content-Type")
+            assert raw_content_type is not None
+            content_type = raw_content_type[0].decode("UTF-8")
+            content_type_parts = content_type.split("boundary=")
+            boundary = content_type_parts[1]
+        except Exception:
+            msg = "Remote response is malformed: expected Content-Type of multipart/mixed with a boundary present."
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.BAD_GATEWAY, msg)
+
+        try:
+            # add a byte of headroom to max size as `_MultipartParserProtocol.dataReceived` errs at >=
+            deferred = read_multipart_response(
+                response, output_stream, boundary, expected_size + 1
+            )
+            deferred.addTimeout(self.default_timeout_seconds, self.reactor)
+        except BodyExceededMaxSize:
+            msg = "Requested file is too large > %r bytes" % (expected_size,)
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                msg,
+            )
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.BAD_GATEWAY, msg, Codes.TOO_LARGE)
+        except defer.TimeoutError as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] Timed out reading response - %s %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                request.method,
+                request.uri.decode("ascii"),
+            )
+            raise RequestSendFailed(e, can_retry=True) from e
+        except ResponseFailed as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] Failed to read response - %s %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                request.method,
+                request.uri.decode("ascii"),
+            )
+            raise RequestSendFailed(e, can_retry=True) from e
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "{%s} [%s] Error reading response: %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                e,
+            )
+            raise
+
+        multipart_response = await make_deferred_yieldable(deferred)
+        if not multipart_response.url:
+            assert multipart_response.length is not None
+            length = multipart_response.length
+            headers[b"Content-Type"] = [multipart_response.content_type]
+            headers[b"Content-Disposition"] = [multipart_response.disposition]
+
+        # the response contained a redirect url to download the file from
+        else:
+            str_url = multipart_response.url.decode("utf-8")
+            logger.info(
+                "{%s} [%s] File download redirected, now downloading from: %s",
+                request.txn_id,
+                request.destination,
+                str_url,
+            )
+            length, headers, _, _ = await self._simple_http_client.get_file(
+                str_url, output_stream, expected_size
+            )
+
+        logger.info(
+            "{%s} [%s] Completed: %d %s [%d bytes] %s %s",
+            request.txn_id,
+            request.destination,
+            response.code,
+            response.phrase.decode("ascii", errors="replace"),
+            length,
+            request.method,
+            request.uri.decode("ascii"),
+        )
+        return length, headers, multipart_response.json
+

 def _flatten_response_never_received(e: BaseException) -> str:
    if hasattr(e, "reasons"):
--- a/synapse/http/servlet.py
+++ b/synapse/http/servlet.py
@@ -119,14 +119,15 @@ def parse_integer(
        default: value to use if the parameter is absent, defaults to None.
        required: whether to raise a 400 SynapseError if the parameter is absent,
            defaults to False.
-        negative: whether to allow negative integers, defaults to True.
+        negative: whether to allow negative integers, defaults to False (disallowing
+            negatives).
    Returns:
        An int value or the default.

    Raises:
        SynapseError: if the parameter is absent and required, if the
            parameter is present and not an integer, or if the
-            parameter is illegitimate negative.
+            parameter is illegitimately negative.
    """
    args: Mapping[bytes, Sequence[bytes]] = request.args  # type: ignore
    return parse_integer_from_args(args, name, default, required, negative)
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ def parse_integer_from_args(
    name: str,
    default: Optional[int] = None,
    required: bool = False,
-    negative: bool = True,
+    negative: bool = False,
 ) -> Optional[int]:
    """Parse an integer parameter from the request string

@@ -174,7 +175,8 @@ def parse_integer_from_args(
        default: value to use if the parameter is absent, defaults to None.
        required: whether to raise a 400 SynapseError if the parameter is absent,
            defaults to False.
-        negative: whether to allow negative integers, defaults to True.
+        negative: whether to allow negative integers, defaults to False (disallowing
+            negatives).

    Returns:
        An int value or the default.
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ def parse_integer_from_args(
    Raises:
        SynapseError: if the parameter is absent and required, if the
            parameter is present and not an integer, or if the
-            parameter is illegitimate negative.
+            parameter is illegitimately negative.
    """
    name_bytes = name.encode("ascii")

--- a/synapse/media/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/media/_base.py
@@ -25,7 +25,16 @@ import os
 import urllib
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Awaitable, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Awaitable,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+)

 import attr

@@ -37,8 +46,13 @@ from synapse.api.errors import Codes, cs_error
 from synapse.http.server import finish_request, respond_with_json
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
+from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.stringutils import is_ascii

+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.storage.databases.main.media_repository import LocalMedia
+
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 # list all text content types that will have the charset default to UTF-8 when
@@ -207,6 +221,7 @@ def add_file_headers(
    # select private. don't bother setting Expires as all our
    # clients are smart enough to be happy with Cache-Control
    request.setHeader(b"Cache-Control", b"public,max-age=86400,s-maxage=86400")
+
    if file_size is not None:
        request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (file_size,))

@@ -260,6 +275,93 @@ def _can_encode_filename_as_token(x: str) -> bool:
    return True


+async def respond_with_multipart_responder(
+    clock: Clock,
+    request: SynapseRequest,
+    responder: "Optional[Responder]",
+    media_info: "LocalMedia",
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Responds to requests originating from the federation media `/download` endpoint by
+    streaming a multipart/mixed response
+
+    Args:
+        clock:
+        request: the federation request to respond to
+        responder: the responder which will send the response
+        media_info: metadata about the media item
+    """
+    if not responder:
+        respond_404(request)
+        return
+
+    # If we have a responder we *must* use it as a context manager.
+    with responder:
+        if request._disconnected:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Not sending response to request %s, already disconnected.", request
+            )
+            return
+
+        if media_info.media_type.lower().split(";", 1)[0] in INLINE_CONTENT_TYPES:
+            disposition = "inline"
+        else:
+            disposition = "attachment"
+
+        def _quote(x: str) -> str:
+            return urllib.parse.quote(x.encode("utf-8"))
+
+        if media_info.upload_name:
+            if _can_encode_filename_as_token(media_info.upload_name):
+                disposition = "%s; filename=%s" % (
+                    disposition,
+                    media_info.upload_name,
+                )
+            else:
+                disposition = "%s; filename*=utf-8''%s" % (
+                    disposition,
+                    _quote(media_info.upload_name),
+                )
+
+        from synapse.media.media_storage import MultipartFileConsumer
+
+        # note that currently the json_object is just {}, this will change when linked media
+        # is implemented
+        multipart_consumer = MultipartFileConsumer(
+            clock,
+            request,
+            media_info.media_type,
+            {},
+            disposition,
+            media_info.media_length,
+        )
+
+        logger.debug("Responding to media request with responder %s", responder)
+        if media_info.media_length is not None:
+            content_length = multipart_consumer.content_length()
+            assert content_length is not None
+            request.setHeader(b"Content-Length", b"%d" % (content_length,))
+
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Content-Type",
+            b"multipart/mixed; boundary=%s" % multipart_consumer.boundary,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            await responder.write_to_consumer(multipart_consumer)
+        except Exception as e:
+            # The majority of the time this will be due to the client having gone
+            # away. Unfortunately, Twisted simply throws a generic exception at us
+            # in that case.
+            logger.warning("Failed to write to consumer: %s %s", type(e), e)
+
+            # Unregister the producer, if it has one, so Twisted doesn't complain
+            if request.producer:
+                request.unregisterProducer()
+
+    finish_request(request)
+
+
 async def respond_with_responder(
    request: SynapseRequest,
    responder: "Optional[Responder]",
--- a/synapse/media/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/media/media_repository.py
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
    SynapseError,
    cs_error,
 )
+from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.config.repository import ThumbnailRequirement
 from synapse.http.server import respond_with_json
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ from synapse.media._base import (
    ThumbnailInfo,
    get_filename_from_headers,
    respond_404,
+    respond_with_multipart_responder,
    respond_with_responder,
 )
 from synapse.media.filepath import MediaFilePaths
@@ -111,6 +113,12 @@ class MediaRepository:
        )
        self.prevent_media_downloads_from = hs.config.media.prevent_media_downloads_from

+        self.download_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter(
+            store=hs.get_storage_controllers().main,
+            clock=hs.get_clock(),
+            cfg=hs.config.ratelimiting.remote_media_downloads,
+        )
+
        # List of StorageProviders where we should search for media and
        # potentially upload to.
        storage_providers = []
@@ -422,6 +430,7 @@ class MediaRepository:
        media_id: str,
        name: Optional[str],
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        federation: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Responds to requests for local media, if exists, or returns 404.

@@ -433,6 +442,7 @@ class MediaRepository:
                the filename in the Content-Disposition header of the response.
            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
                media to be uploaded.
+            federation: whether the local media being fetched is for a federation request

        Returns:
            Resolves once a response has successfully been written to request
@@ -453,9 +463,14 @@ class MediaRepository:
        file_info = FileInfo(None, media_id, url_cache=bool(url_cache))

        responder = await self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
-        await respond_with_responder(
-            request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name
-        )
+        if federation:
+            await respond_with_multipart_responder(
+                self.clock, request, responder, media_info
+            )
+        else:
+            await respond_with_responder(
+                request, responder, media_type, media_length, upload_name
+            )

    async def get_remote_media(
        self,
@@ -464,6 +479,8 @@ class MediaRepository:
        media_id: str,
        name: Optional[str],
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        ip_address: str,
+        use_federation_endpoint: bool,
    ) -> None:
        """Respond to requests for remote media.

@@ -475,6 +492,9 @@ class MediaRepository:
                the filename in the Content-Disposition header of the response.
            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
                media to be uploaded.
+            ip_address: the IP address of the requester
+            use_federation_endpoint: whether to request the remote media over the new
+                federation `/download` endpoint

        Returns:
            Resolves once a response has successfully been written to request
@@ -500,7 +520,12 @@ class MediaRepository:
        key = (server_name, media_id)
        async with self.remote_media_linearizer.queue(key):
            responder, media_info = await self._get_remote_media_impl(
-                server_name, media_id, max_timeout_ms
+                server_name,
+                media_id,
+                max_timeout_ms,
+                self.download_ratelimiter,
+                ip_address,
+                use_federation_endpoint,
            )

        # We deliberately stream the file outside the lock
@@ -517,7 +542,7 @@ class MediaRepository:
            respond_404(request)

    async def get_remote_media_info(
-        self, server_name: str, media_id: str, max_timeout_ms: int
+        self, server_name: str, media_id: str, max_timeout_ms: int, ip_address: str
    ) -> RemoteMedia:
        """Gets the media info associated with the remote file, downloading
        if necessary.
@@ -527,6 +552,7 @@ class MediaRepository:
            media_id: The media ID of the content (as defined by the remote server).
            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
                media to be uploaded.
+            ip_address: IP address of the requester

        Returns:
            The media info of the file
@@ -542,7 +568,12 @@ class MediaRepository:
        key = (server_name, media_id)
        async with self.remote_media_linearizer.queue(key):
            responder, media_info = await self._get_remote_media_impl(
-                server_name, media_id, max_timeout_ms
+                server_name,
+                media_id,
+                max_timeout_ms,
+                self.download_ratelimiter,
+                ip_address,
+                False,
            )

        # Ensure we actually use the responder so that it releases resources
@@ -553,7 +584,13 @@ class MediaRepository:
        return media_info

    async def _get_remote_media_impl(
-        self, server_name: str, media_id: str, max_timeout_ms: int
+        self,
+        server_name: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+        use_federation_endpoint: bool,
    ) -> Tuple[Optional[Responder], RemoteMedia]:
        """Looks for media in local cache, if not there then attempt to
        download from remote server.
@@ -564,6 +601,11 @@ class MediaRepository:
                remote server).
            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
                media to be uploaded.
+            download_ratelimiter: a ratelimiter limiting remote media downloads, keyed to
+                requester IP.
+            ip_address: the IP address of the requester
+            use_federation_endpoint: whether to request the remote media over the new federation
+            /download endpoint

        Returns:
            A tuple of responder and the media info of the file.
@@ -595,9 +637,23 @@ class MediaRepository:
        # Failed to find the file anywhere, lets download it.

        try:
-            media_info = await self._download_remote_file(
-                server_name, media_id, max_timeout_ms
-            )
+            if not use_federation_endpoint:
+                media_info = await self._download_remote_file(
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    max_timeout_ms,
+                    download_ratelimiter,
+                    ip_address,
+                )
+            else:
+                media_info = await self._federation_download_remote_file(
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    max_timeout_ms,
+                    download_ratelimiter,
+                    ip_address,
+                )
+
        except SynapseError:
            raise
        except Exception as e:
@@ -630,6 +686,8 @@ class MediaRepository:
        server_name: str,
        media_id: str,
        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
    ) -> RemoteMedia:
        """Attempt to download the remote file from the given server name,
        using the given file_id as the local id.
@@ -641,6 +699,9 @@ class MediaRepository:
                locally generated.
            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
                media to be uploaded.
+            download_ratelimiter: a ratelimiter limiting remote media downloads, keyed to
+                requester IP
+            ip_address: the IP address of the requester

        Returns:
            The media info of the file.
@@ -650,7 +711,7 @@ class MediaRepository:

        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=server_name, file_id=file_id)

-        with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish):
+        async with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname):
            try:
                length, headers = await self.client.download_media(
                    server_name,
@@ -658,6 +719,8 @@ class MediaRepository:
                    output_stream=f,
                    max_size=self.max_upload_size,
                    max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+                    download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+                    ip_address=ip_address,
                )
            except RequestSendFailed as e:
                logger.warning(
@@ -693,8 +756,6 @@ class MediaRepository:
                )
                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")

-            await finish()
-
            if b"Content-Type" in headers:
                media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode("ascii")
            else:
@@ -736,6 +797,129 @@ class MediaRepository:
            quarantined_by=None,
        )

+    async def _federation_download_remote_file(
+        self,
+        server_name: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        download_ratelimiter: Ratelimiter,
+        ip_address: str,
+    ) -> RemoteMedia:
+        """Attempt to download the remote file from the given server name.
+        Uses the given file_id as the local id and downloads the file over the federation
+        v1 download endpoint
+
+        Args:
+            server_name: Originating server
+            media_id: The media ID of the content (as defined by the
+                remote server). This is different than the file_id, which is
+                locally generated.
+            max_timeout_ms: the maximum number of milliseconds to wait for the
+                media to be uploaded.
+            download_ratelimiter: a ratelimiter limiting remote media downloads, keyed to
+                requester IP
+            ip_address: the IP address of the requester
+
+        Returns:
+            The media info of the file.
+        """
+
+        file_id = random_string(24)
+
+        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=server_name, file_id=file_id)
+
+        async with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname):
+            try:
+                res = await self.client.federation_download_media(
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    output_stream=f,
+                    max_size=self.max_upload_size,
+                    max_timeout_ms=max_timeout_ms,
+                    download_ratelimiter=download_ratelimiter,
+                    ip_address=ip_address,
+                )
+                # if we had to fall back to the _matrix/media endpoint it will only return
+                # the headers and length, check the length of the tuple before unpacking
+                if len(res) == 3:
+                    length, headers, json = res
+                else:
+                    length, headers = res
+            except RequestSendFailed as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Request failed fetching remote media %s/%s: %r",
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    e,
+                )
+                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
+
+            except HttpResponseException as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "HTTP error fetching remote media %s/%s: %s",
+                    server_name,
+                    media_id,
+                    e.response,
+                )
+                if e.code == twisted.web.http.NOT_FOUND:
+                    raise e.to_synapse_error()
+                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
+
+            except SynapseError:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s", server_name, media_id
+                )
+                raise
+            except NotRetryingDestination:
+                logger.warning("Not retrying destination %r", server_name)
+                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception(
+                    "Failed to fetch remote media %s/%s", server_name, media_id
+                )
+                raise SynapseError(502, "Failed to fetch remote media")
+
+            if b"Content-Type" in headers:
+                media_type = headers[b"Content-Type"][0].decode("ascii")
+            else:
+                media_type = "application/octet-stream"
+            upload_name = get_filename_from_headers(headers)
+            time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+            # Multiple remote media download requests can race (when using
+            # multiple media repos), so this may throw a violation constraint
+            # exception. If it does we'll delete the newly downloaded file from
+            # disk (as we're in the ctx manager).
+            #
+            # However: we've already called `finish()` so we may have also
+            # written to the storage providers. This is preferable to the
+            # alternative where we call `finish()` *after* this, where we could
+            # end up having an entry in the DB but fail to write the files to
+            # the storage providers.
+            await self.store.store_cached_remote_media(
+                origin=server_name,
+                media_id=media_id,
+                media_type=media_type,
+                time_now_ms=time_now_ms,
+                upload_name=upload_name,
+                media_length=length,
+                filesystem_id=file_id,
+            )
+
+        logger.debug("Stored remote media in file %r", fname)
+
+        return RemoteMedia(
+            media_origin=server_name,
+            media_id=media_id,
+            media_type=media_type,
+            media_length=length,
+            upload_name=upload_name,
+            created_ts=time_now_ms,
+            filesystem_id=file_id,
+            last_access_ts=time_now_ms,
+            quarantined_by=None,
+        )
+
    def _get_thumbnail_requirements(
        self, media_type: str
    ) -> Tuple[ThumbnailRequirement, ...]:
@@ -1045,17 +1229,17 @@ class MediaRepository:
                    ),
                )

-                with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (
-                    f,
-                    fname,
-                    finish,
-                ):
+                async with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname):
                    try:
                        await self.media_storage.write_to_file(t_byte_source, f)
-                        await finish()
                    finally:
                        t_byte_source.close()

+                    # We flush and close the file to ensure that the bytes have
+                    # been written before getting the size.
+                    f.flush()
+                    f.close()
+
                    t_len = os.path.getsize(fname)

                    # Write to database
--- a/synapse/media/media_storage.py
+++ b/synapse/media/media_storage.py
@@ -19,36 +19,49 @@
 #
 #
 import contextlib
+import json
 import logging
 import os
 import shutil
+from contextlib import closing
+from io import BytesIO
 from types import TracebackType
 from typing import (
    IO,
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
-    Awaitable,
+    AsyncIterator,
    BinaryIO,
    Callable,
-    Generator,
+    List,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Tuple,
    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
 )
+from uuid import uuid4

 import attr
+from zope.interface import implementer

+from twisted.internet import interfaces
 from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
 from twisted.internet.interfaces import IConsumer
 from twisted.protocols.basic import FileSender

 from synapse.api.errors import NotFoundError
-from synapse.logging.context import defer_to_thread, make_deferred_yieldable
+from synapse.logging.context import (
+    defer_to_thread,
+    make_deferred_yieldable,
+    run_in_background,
+)
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import start_active_span, trace, trace_with_opname
 from synapse.util import Clock
 from synapse.util.file_consumer import BackgroundFileConsumer

+from ..types import JsonDict
 from ._base import FileInfo, Responder
 from .filepath import MediaFilePaths

@@ -58,6 +71,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

+CRLF = b"\r\n"
+

 class MediaStorage:
    """Responsible for storing/fetching files from local sources.
@@ -97,11 +112,9 @@ class MediaStorage:
            the file path written to in the primary media store
        """

-        with self.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish_cb):
+        async with self.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname):
            # Write to the main media repository
            await self.write_to_file(source, f)
-            # Write to the other storage providers
-            await finish_cb()

        return fname

@@ -111,32 +124,27 @@ class MediaStorage:
        await defer_to_thread(self.reactor, _write_file_synchronously, source, output)

    @trace_with_opname("MediaStorage.store_into_file")
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def store_into_file(
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def store_into_file(
        self, file_info: FileInfo
-    ) -> Generator[Tuple[BinaryIO, str, Callable[[], Awaitable[None]]], None, None]:
-        """Context manager used to get a file like object to write into, as
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Tuple[BinaryIO, str]]:
+        """Async Context manager used to get a file like object to write into, as
        described by file_info.

-        Actually yields a 3-tuple (file, fname, finish_cb), where file is a file
-        like object that can be written to, fname is the absolute path of file
-        on disk, and finish_cb is a function that returns an awaitable.
+        Actually yields a 2-tuple (file, fname,), where file is a file
+        like object that can be written to and fname is the absolute path of file
+        on disk.

        fname can be used to read the contents from after upload, e.g. to
        generate thumbnails.

-        finish_cb must be called and waited on after the file has been successfully been
-        written to. Should not be called if there was an error. Checks for spam and
-        stores the file into the configured storage providers.
-
        Args:
            file_info: Info about the file to store

        Example:

-            with media_storage.store_into_file(info) as (f, fname, finish_cb):
+            async with media_storage.store_into_file(info) as (f, fname,):
                # .. write into f ...
-                await finish_cb()
        """

        path = self._file_info_to_path(file_info)
@@ -145,69 +153,44 @@ class MediaStorage:
        dirname = os.path.dirname(fname)
        os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)

-        finished_called = [False]
-
-        main_media_repo_write_trace_scope = start_active_span(
-            "writing to main media repo"
-        )
-        main_media_repo_write_trace_scope.__enter__()
-
        try:
-            with open(fname, "wb") as f:
+            with start_active_span("writing to main media repo"):
+                with open(fname, "wb") as f:
+                    yield f, fname

-                async def finish() -> None:
-                    # When someone calls finish, we assume they are done writing to the main media repo
-                    main_media_repo_write_trace_scope.__exit__(None, None, None)
+            with start_active_span("writing to other storage providers"):
+                spam_check = (
+                    await self._spam_checker_module_callbacks.check_media_file_for_spam(
+                        ReadableFileWrapper(self.clock, fname), file_info
+                    )
+                )
+                if spam_check != self._spam_checker_module_callbacks.NOT_SPAM:
+                    logger.info("Blocking media due to spam checker")
+                    # Note that we'll delete the stored media, due to the
+                    # try/except below. The media also won't be stored in
+                    # the DB.
+                    # We currently ignore any additional field returned by
+                    # the spam-check API.
+                    raise SpamMediaException(errcode=spam_check[0])

-                    with start_active_span("writing to other storage providers"):
-                        # Ensure that all writes have been flushed and close the
-                        # file.
-                        f.flush()
-                        f.close()
+                for provider in self.storage_providers:
+                    with start_active_span(str(provider)):
+                        await provider.store_file(path, file_info)

-                        spam_check = await self._spam_checker_module_callbacks.check_media_file_for_spam(
-                            ReadableFileWrapper(self.clock, fname), file_info
-                        )
-                        if spam_check != self._spam_checker_module_callbacks.NOT_SPAM:
-                            logger.info("Blocking media due to spam checker")
-                            # Note that we'll delete the stored media, due to the
-                            # try/except below. The media also won't be stored in
-                            # the DB.
-                            # We currently ignore any additional field returned by
-                            # the spam-check API.
-                            raise SpamMediaException(errcode=spam_check[0])
-
-                        for provider in self.storage_providers:
-                            with start_active_span(str(provider)):
-                                await provider.store_file(path, file_info)
-
-                        finished_called[0] = True
-
-                yield f, fname, finish
        except Exception as e:
            try:
-                main_media_repo_write_trace_scope.__exit__(
-                    type(e), None, e.__traceback__
-                )
                os.remove(fname)
            except Exception:
                pass

            raise e from None

-        if not finished_called:
-            exc = Exception("Finished callback not called")
-            main_media_repo_write_trace_scope.__exit__(
-                type(exc), None, exc.__traceback__
-            )
-            raise exc
-
    async def fetch_media(self, file_info: FileInfo) -> Optional[Responder]:
        """Attempts to fetch media described by file_info from the local cache
        and configured storage providers.

        Args:
-            file_info
+            file_info: Metadata about the media file

        Returns:
            Returns a Responder if the file was found, otherwise None.
@@ -349,7 +332,7 @@ class FileResponder(Responder):
    """Wraps an open file that can be sent to a request.

    Args:
-        open_file: A file like object to be streamed ot the client,
+        open_file: A file like object to be streamed to the client,
            is closed when finished streaming.
    """

@@ -403,3 +386,245 @@ class ReadableFileWrapper:

                # We yield to the reactor by sleeping for 0 seconds.
                await self.clock.sleep(0)
+
+
+@implementer(interfaces.IConsumer)
+@implementer(interfaces.IPushProducer)
+class MultipartFileConsumer:
+    """Wraps a given consumer so that any data that gets written to it gets
+    converted to a multipart format.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        clock: Clock,
+        wrapped_consumer: interfaces.IConsumer,
+        file_content_type: str,
+        json_object: JsonDict,
+        disposition: str,
+        content_length: Optional[int],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.clock = clock
+        self.wrapped_consumer = wrapped_consumer
+        self.json_field = json_object
+        self.json_field_written = False
+        self.file_headers_written = False
+        self.file_content_type = file_content_type
+        self.boundary = uuid4().hex.encode("ascii")
+
+        # The producer that registered with us, and if it's a push or pull
+        # producer.
+        self.producer: Optional["interfaces.IProducer"] = None
+        self.streaming: Optional[bool] = None
+
+        # Whether the wrapped consumer has asked us to pause.
+        self.paused = False
+
+        self.length = content_length
+        self.disposition = disposition
+
+    ### IConsumer APIs ###
+
+    def registerProducer(
+        self, producer: "interfaces.IProducer", streaming: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Register to receive data from a producer.
+
+        This sets self to be a consumer for a producer.  When this object runs
+        out of data (as when a send(2) call on a socket succeeds in moving the
+        last data from a userspace buffer into a kernelspace buffer), it will
+        ask the producer to resumeProducing().
+
+        For L{IPullProducer} providers, C{resumeProducing} will be called once
+        each time data is required.
+
+        For L{IPushProducer} providers, C{pauseProducing} will be called
+        whenever the write buffer fills up and C{resumeProducing} will only be
+        called when it empties.  The consumer will only call C{resumeProducing}
+        to balance a previous C{pauseProducing} call; the producer is assumed
+        to start in an un-paused state.
+
+        @param streaming: C{True} if C{producer} provides L{IPushProducer},
+            C{False} if C{producer} provides L{IPullProducer}.
+
+        @raise RuntimeError: If a producer is already registered.
+        """
+        self.producer = producer
+        self.streaming = streaming
+
+        self.wrapped_consumer.registerProducer(self, True)
+
+        # kick off producing if `self.producer` is not a streaming producer
+        if not streaming:
+            self.resumeProducing()
+
+    def unregisterProducer(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Stop consuming data from a producer, without disconnecting.
+        """
+        self.wrapped_consumer.write(CRLF + b"--" + self.boundary + b"--" + CRLF)
+        self.wrapped_consumer.unregisterProducer()
+        self.paused = True
+
+    def write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        The producer will write data by calling this method.
+
+        The implementation must be non-blocking and perform whatever
+        buffering is necessary.  If the producer has provided enough data
+        for now and it is a L{IPushProducer}, the consumer may call its
+        C{pauseProducing} method.
+        """
+        if not self.json_field_written:
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(CRLF + b"--" + self.boundary + CRLF)
+
+            content_type = Header(b"Content-Type", b"application/json")
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(bytes(content_type) + CRLF)
+
+            json_field = json.dumps(self.json_field)
+            json_bytes = json_field.encode("utf-8")
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(CRLF + json_bytes)
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(CRLF + b"--" + self.boundary + CRLF)
+
+            self.json_field_written = True
+
+        # if we haven't written the content type yet, do so
+        if not self.file_headers_written:
+            type = self.file_content_type.encode("utf-8")
+            content_type = Header(b"Content-Type", type)
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(bytes(content_type) + CRLF)
+            disp_header = Header(b"Content-Disposition", self.disposition)
+            self.wrapped_consumer.write(bytes(disp_header) + CRLF + CRLF)
+            self.file_headers_written = True
+
+        self.wrapped_consumer.write(data)
+
+    ### IPushProducer APIs ###
+
+    def stopProducing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Stop producing data.
+
+        This tells a producer that its consumer has died, so it must stop
+        producing data for good.
+        """
+        assert self.producer is not None
+        self.paused = True
+        self.producer.stopProducing()
+
+    def pauseProducing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Pause producing data.
+
+        Tells a producer that it has produced too much data to process for
+        the time being, and to stop until C{resumeProducing()} is called.
+        """
+        assert self.producer is not None
+        self.paused = True
+
+        if self.streaming:
+            cast("interfaces.IPushProducer", self.producer).pauseProducing()
+        else:
+            self.paused = True
+
+    def resumeProducing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Resume producing data.
+
+        This tells a producer to re-add itself to the main loop and produce
+        more data for its consumer.
+        """
+        assert self.producer is not None
+
+        if self.streaming:
+            cast("interfaces.IPushProducer", self.producer).resumeProducing()
+        else:
+            # If the producer is not a streaming producer we need to start
+            # repeatedly calling  `resumeProducing` in a loop.
+            run_in_background(self._resumeProducingRepeatedly)
+
+    def content_length(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """
+        Calculate the content length of the multipart response
+        in bytes.
+        """
+        if not self.length:
+            return None
+        # calculate length of json field and content-type, disposition headers
+        json_field = json.dumps(self.json_field)
+        json_bytes = json_field.encode("utf-8")
+        json_length = len(json_bytes)
+
+        type = self.file_content_type.encode("utf-8")
+        content_type = Header(b"Content-Type", type)
+        type_length = len(bytes(content_type))
+
+        disp = self.disposition.encode("utf-8")
+        disp_header = Header(b"Content-Disposition", disp)
+        disp_length = len(bytes(disp_header))
+
+        # 156 is the length of the elements that aren't variable, ie
+        # CRLFs and boundary strings, etc
+        self.length += json_length + type_length + disp_length + 156
+
+        return self.length
+
+    ### Internal APIs. ###
+
+    async def _resumeProducingRepeatedly(self) -> None:
+        assert self.producer is not None
+        assert not self.streaming
+        producer = cast("interfaces.IPullProducer", self.producer)
+
+        self.paused = False
+        while not self.paused:
+            producer.resumeProducing()
+            await self.clock.sleep(0)
+
+
+class Header:
+    """
+    `Header` This class is a tiny wrapper that produces
+    request headers. We can't use standard python header
+    class because it encodes unicode fields using =? bla bla ?=
+    encoding, which is correct, but no one in HTTP world expects
+    that, everyone wants utf-8 raw bytes. (stolen from treq.multipart)
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: bytes,
+        value: Any,
+        params: Optional[List[Tuple[Any, Any]]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.params = params or []
+
+    def add_param(self, name: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.params.append((name, value))
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        with closing(BytesIO()) as h:
+            h.write(self.name + b": " + escape(self.value).encode("us-ascii"))
+            if self.params:
+                for name, val in self.params:
+                    h.write(b"; ")
+                    h.write(escape(name).encode("us-ascii"))
+                    h.write(b"=")
+                    h.write(b'"' + escape(val).encode("utf-8") + b'"')
+            h.seek(0)
+            return h.read()
+
+
+def escape(value: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
+    """
+    This function prevents header values from corrupting the request,
+    a newline in the file name parameter makes form-data request unreadable
+    for a majority of parsers. (stolen from treq.multipart)
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+    return value.replace("\r", "").replace("\n", "").replace('"', '\\"')
--- a/synapse/media/thumbnailer.py
+++ b/synapse/media/thumbnailer.py
@@ -22,11 +22,27 @@
 import logging
 from io import BytesIO
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Tuple, Type

 from PIL import Image

+from synapse.api.errors import Codes, SynapseError, cs_error
+from synapse.config.repository import THUMBNAIL_SUPPORTED_MEDIA_FORMAT_MAP
+from synapse.http.server import respond_with_json
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import trace
+from synapse.media._base import (
+    FileInfo,
+    ThumbnailInfo,
+    respond_404,
+    respond_with_file,
+    respond_with_responder,
+)
+from synapse.media.media_storage import MediaStorage
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.media.media_repository import MediaRepository
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -231,3 +247,473 @@ class Thumbnailer:
    def __del__(self) -> None:
        # Make sure we actually do close the image, rather than leak data.
        self.close()
+
+
+class ThumbnailProvider:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+        media_repo: "MediaRepository",
+        media_storage: MediaStorage,
+    ):
+        self.hs = hs
+        self.media_repo = media_repo
+        self.media_storage = media_storage
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.dynamic_thumbnails = hs.config.media.dynamic_thumbnails
+
+    async def respond_local_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        media_id: str,
+        width: int,
+        height: int,
+        method: str,
+        m_type: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        media_info = await self.media_repo.get_local_media_info(
+            request, media_id, max_timeout_ms
+        )
+        if not media_info:
+            return
+
+        thumbnail_infos = await self.store.get_local_media_thumbnails(media_id)
+        await self._select_and_respond_with_thumbnail(
+            request,
+            width,
+            height,
+            method,
+            m_type,
+            thumbnail_infos,
+            media_id,
+            media_id,
+            url_cache=bool(media_info.url_cache),
+            server_name=None,
+        )
+
+    async def select_or_generate_local_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        media_id: str,
+        desired_width: int,
+        desired_height: int,
+        desired_method: str,
+        desired_type: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        media_info = await self.media_repo.get_local_media_info(
+            request, media_id, max_timeout_ms
+        )
+
+        if not media_info:
+            return
+
+        thumbnail_infos = await self.store.get_local_media_thumbnails(media_id)
+        for info in thumbnail_infos:
+            t_w = info.width == desired_width
+            t_h = info.height == desired_height
+            t_method = info.method == desired_method
+            t_type = info.type == desired_type
+
+            if t_w and t_h and t_method and t_type:
+                file_info = FileInfo(
+                    server_name=None,
+                    file_id=media_id,
+                    url_cache=bool(media_info.url_cache),
+                    thumbnail=info,
+                )
+
+                responder = await self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
+                if responder:
+                    await respond_with_responder(
+                        request, responder, info.type, info.length
+                    )
+                    return
+
+        logger.debug("We don't have a thumbnail of that size. Generating")
+
+        # Okay, so we generate one.
+        file_path = await self.media_repo.generate_local_exact_thumbnail(
+            media_id,
+            desired_width,
+            desired_height,
+            desired_method,
+            desired_type,
+            url_cache=bool(media_info.url_cache),
+        )
+
+        if file_path:
+            await respond_with_file(request, desired_type, file_path)
+        else:
+            logger.warning("Failed to generate thumbnail")
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Failed to generate thumbnail.")
+
+    async def select_or_generate_remote_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        server_name: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        desired_width: int,
+        desired_height: int,
+        desired_method: str,
+        desired_type: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        ip_address: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        media_info = await self.media_repo.get_remote_media_info(
+            server_name, media_id, max_timeout_ms, ip_address
+        )
+        if not media_info:
+            respond_404(request)
+            return
+
+        thumbnail_infos = await self.store.get_remote_media_thumbnails(
+            server_name, media_id
+        )
+
+        file_id = media_info.filesystem_id
+
+        for info in thumbnail_infos:
+            t_w = info.width == desired_width
+            t_h = info.height == desired_height
+            t_method = info.method == desired_method
+            t_type = info.type == desired_type
+
+            if t_w and t_h and t_method and t_type:
+                file_info = FileInfo(
+                    server_name=server_name,
+                    file_id=file_id,
+                    thumbnail=info,
+                )
+
+                responder = await self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
+                if responder:
+                    await respond_with_responder(
+                        request, responder, info.type, info.length
+                    )
+                    return
+
+        logger.debug("We don't have a thumbnail of that size. Generating")
+
+        # Okay, so we generate one.
+        file_path = await self.media_repo.generate_remote_exact_thumbnail(
+            server_name,
+            file_id,
+            media_id,
+            desired_width,
+            desired_height,
+            desired_method,
+            desired_type,
+        )
+
+        if file_path:
+            await respond_with_file(request, desired_type, file_path)
+        else:
+            logger.warning("Failed to generate thumbnail")
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Failed to generate thumbnail.")
+
+    async def respond_remote_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        server_name: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        width: int,
+        height: int,
+        method: str,
+        m_type: str,
+        max_timeout_ms: int,
+        ip_address: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        # TODO: Don't download the whole remote file
+        # We should proxy the thumbnail from the remote server instead of
+        # downloading the remote file and generating our own thumbnails.
+        media_info = await self.media_repo.get_remote_media_info(
+            server_name, media_id, max_timeout_ms, ip_address
+        )
+        if not media_info:
+            return
+
+        thumbnail_infos = await self.store.get_remote_media_thumbnails(
+            server_name, media_id
+        )
+        await self._select_and_respond_with_thumbnail(
+            request,
+            width,
+            height,
+            method,
+            m_type,
+            thumbnail_infos,
+            media_id,
+            media_info.filesystem_id,
+            url_cache=False,
+            server_name=server_name,
+        )
+
+    async def _select_and_respond_with_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        desired_width: int,
+        desired_height: int,
+        desired_method: str,
+        desired_type: str,
+        thumbnail_infos: List[ThumbnailInfo],
+        media_id: str,
+        file_id: str,
+        url_cache: bool,
+        server_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Respond to a request with an appropriate thumbnail from the previously generated thumbnails.
+
+        Args:
+            request: The incoming request.
+            desired_width: The desired width, the returned thumbnail may be larger than this.
+            desired_height: The desired height, the returned thumbnail may be larger than this.
+            desired_method: The desired method used to generate the thumbnail.
+            desired_type: The desired content-type of the thumbnail.
+            thumbnail_infos: A list of thumbnail info of candidate thumbnails.
+            file_id: The ID of the media that a thumbnail is being requested for.
+            url_cache: True if this is from a URL cache.
+            server_name: The server name, if this is a remote thumbnail.
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "_select_and_respond_with_thumbnail: media_id=%s desired=%sx%s (%s) thumbnail_infos=%s",
+            media_id,
+            desired_width,
+            desired_height,
+            desired_method,
+            thumbnail_infos,
+        )
+
+        # If `dynamic_thumbnails` is enabled, we expect Synapse to go down a
+        # different code path to handle it.
+        assert not self.dynamic_thumbnails
+
+        if thumbnail_infos:
+            file_info = self._select_thumbnail(
+                desired_width,
+                desired_height,
+                desired_method,
+                desired_type,
+                thumbnail_infos,
+                file_id,
+                url_cache,
+                server_name,
+            )
+            if not file_info:
+                logger.info("Couldn't find a thumbnail matching the desired inputs")
+                respond_404(request)
+                return
+
+            # The thumbnail property must exist.
+            assert file_info.thumbnail is not None
+
+            responder = await self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
+            if responder:
+                await respond_with_responder(
+                    request,
+                    responder,
+                    file_info.thumbnail.type,
+                    file_info.thumbnail.length,
+                )
+                return
+
+            # If we can't find the thumbnail we regenerate it. This can happen
+            # if e.g. we've deleted the thumbnails but still have the original
+            # image somewhere.
+            #
+            # Since we have an entry for the thumbnail in the DB we a) know we
+            # have have successfully generated the thumbnail in the past (so we
+            # don't need to worry about repeatedly failing to generate
+            # thumbnails), and b) have already calculated that appropriate
+            # width/height/method so we can just call the "generate exact"
+            # methods.
+
+            # First let's check that we do actually have the original image
+            # still. This will throw a 404 if we don't.
+            # TODO: We should refetch the thumbnails for remote media.
+            await self.media_storage.ensure_media_is_in_local_cache(
+                FileInfo(server_name, file_id, url_cache=url_cache)
+            )
+
+            if server_name:
+                await self.media_repo.generate_remote_exact_thumbnail(
+                    server_name,
+                    file_id=file_id,
+                    media_id=media_id,
+                    t_width=file_info.thumbnail.width,
+                    t_height=file_info.thumbnail.height,
+                    t_method=file_info.thumbnail.method,
+                    t_type=file_info.thumbnail.type,
+                )
+            else:
+                await self.media_repo.generate_local_exact_thumbnail(
+                    media_id=media_id,
+                    t_width=file_info.thumbnail.width,
+                    t_height=file_info.thumbnail.height,
+                    t_method=file_info.thumbnail.method,
+                    t_type=file_info.thumbnail.type,
+                    url_cache=url_cache,
+                )
+
+            responder = await self.media_storage.fetch_media(file_info)
+            await respond_with_responder(
+                request,
+                responder,
+                file_info.thumbnail.type,
+                file_info.thumbnail.length,
+            )
+        else:
+            # This might be because:
+            # 1. We can't create thumbnails for the given media (corrupted or
+            #    unsupported file type), or
+            # 2. The thumbnailing process never ran or errored out initially
+            #    when the media was first uploaded (these bugs should be
+            #    reported and fixed).
+            # Note that we don't attempt to generate a thumbnail now because
+            # `dynamic_thumbnails` is disabled.
+            logger.info("Failed to find any generated thumbnails")
+
+            assert request.path is not None
+            respond_with_json(
+                request,
+                400,
+                cs_error(
+                    "Cannot find any thumbnails for the requested media ('%s'). This might mean the media is not a supported_media_format=(%s) or that thumbnailing failed for some other reason. (Dynamic thumbnails are disabled on this server.)"
+                    % (
+                        request.path.decode(),
+                        ", ".join(THUMBNAIL_SUPPORTED_MEDIA_FORMAT_MAP.keys()),
+                    ),
+                    code=Codes.UNKNOWN,
+                ),
+                send_cors=True,
+            )
+
+    def _select_thumbnail(
+        self,
+        desired_width: int,
+        desired_height: int,
+        desired_method: str,
+        desired_type: str,
+        thumbnail_infos: List[ThumbnailInfo],
+        file_id: str,
+        url_cache: bool,
+        server_name: Optional[str],
+    ) -> Optional[FileInfo]:
+        """
+        Choose an appropriate thumbnail from the previously generated thumbnails.
+
+        Args:
+            desired_width: The desired width, the returned thumbnail may be larger than this.
+            desired_height: The desired height, the returned thumbnail may be larger than this.
+            desired_method: The desired method used to generate the thumbnail.
+            desired_type: The desired content-type of the thumbnail.
+            thumbnail_infos: A list of thumbnail infos of candidate thumbnails.
+            file_id: The ID of the media that a thumbnail is being requested for.
+            url_cache: True if this is from a URL cache.
+            server_name: The server name, if this is a remote thumbnail.
+
+        Returns:
+             The thumbnail which best matches the desired parameters.
+        """
+        desired_method = desired_method.lower()
+
+        # The chosen thumbnail.
+        thumbnail_info = None
+
+        d_w = desired_width
+        d_h = desired_height
+
+        if desired_method == "crop":
+            # Thumbnails that match equal or larger sizes of desired width/height.
+            crop_info_list: List[
+                Tuple[int, int, int, bool, Optional[int], ThumbnailInfo]
+            ] = []
+            # Other thumbnails.
+            crop_info_list2: List[
+                Tuple[int, int, int, bool, Optional[int], ThumbnailInfo]
+            ] = []
+            for info in thumbnail_infos:
+                # Skip thumbnails generated with different methods.
+                if info.method != "crop":
+                    continue
+
+                t_w = info.width
+                t_h = info.height
+                aspect_quality = abs(d_w * t_h - d_h * t_w)
+                min_quality = 0 if d_w <= t_w and d_h <= t_h else 1
+                size_quality = abs((d_w - t_w) * (d_h - t_h))
+                type_quality = desired_type != info.type
+                length_quality = info.length
+                if t_w >= d_w or t_h >= d_h:
+                    crop_info_list.append(
+                        (
+                            aspect_quality,
+                            min_quality,
+                            size_quality,
+                            type_quality,
+                            length_quality,
+                            info,
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    crop_info_list2.append(
+                        (
+                            aspect_quality,
+                            min_quality,
+                            size_quality,
+                            type_quality,
+                            length_quality,
+                            info,
+                        )
+                    )
+            # Pick the most appropriate thumbnail. Some values of `desired_width` and
+            # `desired_height` may result in a tie, in which case we avoid comparing on
+            # the thumbnail info and pick the thumbnail that appears earlier
+            # in the list of candidates.
+            if crop_info_list:
+                thumbnail_info = min(crop_info_list, key=lambda t: t[:-1])[-1]
+            elif crop_info_list2:
+                thumbnail_info = min(crop_info_list2, key=lambda t: t[:-1])[-1]
+        elif desired_method == "scale":
+            # Thumbnails that match equal or larger sizes of desired width/height.
+            info_list: List[Tuple[int, bool, int, ThumbnailInfo]] = []
+            # Other thumbnails.
+            info_list2: List[Tuple[int, bool, int, ThumbnailInfo]] = []
+
+            for info in thumbnail_infos:
+                # Skip thumbnails generated with different methods.
+                if info.method != "scale":
+                    continue
+
+                t_w = info.width
+                t_h = info.height
+                size_quality = abs((d_w - t_w) * (d_h - t_h))
+                type_quality = desired_type != info.type
+                length_quality = info.length
+                if t_w >= d_w or t_h >= d_h:
+                    info_list.append((size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info))
+                else:
+                    info_list2.append(
+                        (size_quality, type_quality, length_quality, info)
+                    )
+            # Pick the most appropriate thumbnail. Some values of `desired_width` and
+            # `desired_height` may result in a tie, in which case we avoid comparing on
+            # the thumbnail info and pick the thumbnail that appears earlier
+            # in the list of candidates.
+            if info_list:
+                thumbnail_info = min(info_list, key=lambda t: t[:-1])[-1]
+            elif info_list2:
+                thumbnail_info = min(info_list2, key=lambda t: t[:-1])[-1]
+
+        if thumbnail_info:
+            return FileInfo(
+                file_id=file_id,
+                url_cache=url_cache,
+                server_name=server_name,
+                thumbnail=thumbnail_info,
+            )
+
+        # No matching thumbnail was found.
+        return None
--- a/synapse/media/url_previewer.py
+++ b/synapse/media/url_previewer.py
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ class UrlPreviewer:

        file_info = FileInfo(server_name=None, file_id=file_id, url_cache=True)

-        with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname, finish):
+        async with self.media_storage.store_into_file(file_info) as (f, fname):
            if url.startswith("data:"):
                if not allow_data_urls:
                    raise SynapseError(
@@ -603,8 +603,6 @@ class UrlPreviewer:
            else:
                download_result = await self._download_url(url, f)

-            await finish()
-
        try:
            time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()

--- a/synapse/notifier.py
+++ b/synapse/notifier.py
@@ -721,7 +721,6 @@ class Notifier:
                        user.to_string(),
                        new_events,
                        is_peeking=is_peeking,
-                        msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
                    )
                elif keyname == StreamKeyType.PRESENCE:
                    now = self.clock.time_msec()
@@ -763,6 +762,36 @@ class Notifier:

        return result

+    async def wait_for_stream_token(self, stream_token: StreamToken) -> bool:
+        """Wait for this worker to catch up with the given stream token."""
+        current_token = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
+        if stream_token.is_before_or_eq(current_token):
+            return True
+
+        # Work around a bug where older Synapse versions gave out tokens "from
+        # the future", i.e. that are ahead of the tokens persisted in the DB.
+        stream_token = await self.event_sources.bound_future_token(stream_token)
+
+        start = self.clock.time_msec()
+        while True:
+            current_token = self.event_sources.get_current_token()
+            if stream_token.is_before_or_eq(current_token):
+                return True
+
+            now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+            if now - start > 10_000:
+                return False
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Waiting for current token to reach %s; currently at %s",
+                stream_token,
+                current_token,
+            )
+
+            # TODO: be better
+            await self.clock.sleep(0.5)
+
    async def _get_room_ids(
        self, user: UserID, explicit_room_id: Optional[str]
    ) -> Tuple[StrCollection, bool]:
--- a/synapse/push/mailer.py
+++ b/synapse/push/mailer.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import jinja2
 from markupsafe import Markup
 from prometheus_client import Counter

-from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes, Membership, RoomTypes
+from synapse.api.constants import EventContentFields, EventTypes, Membership, RoomTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import StoreError
 from synapse.config.emailconfig import EmailSubjectConfig
 from synapse.events import EventBase
@@ -532,7 +532,6 @@ class Mailer:
            self._storage_controllers,
            user_id,
            results.events_before,
-            msc4115_membership_on_events=self.hs.config.experimental.msc4115_membership_on_events,
        )
        the_events.append(notif_event)

@@ -717,7 +716,8 @@ class Mailer:
                )
                if (
                    create_event
-                    and create_event.content.get("room_type") == RoomTypes.SPACE
+                    and create_event.content.get(EventContentFields.ROOM_TYPE)
+                    == RoomTypes.SPACE
                ):
                    return self.email_subjects.invite_from_person_to_space % {
                        "person": inviter_name,
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/client.py
@@ -114,13 +114,19 @@ class ReplicationDataHandler:
        """
        all_room_ids: Set[str] = set()
        if stream_name == DeviceListsStream.NAME:
-            if any(row.entity.startswith("@") and not row.is_signature for row in rows):
+            if any(not row.is_signature and not row.hosts_calculated for row in rows):
                prev_token = self.store.get_device_stream_token()
                all_room_ids = await self.store.get_all_device_list_changes(
                    prev_token, token
                )
                self.store.device_lists_in_rooms_have_changed(all_room_ids, token)

+            # If we're sending federation we need to update the device lists
+            # outbound pokes stream change cache with updated hosts.
+            if self.send_handler and any(row.hosts_calculated for row in rows):
+                hosts = await self.store.get_destinations_for_device(token)
+                self.store.device_lists_outbound_pokes_have_changed(hosts, token)
+
        self.store.process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
        # NOTE: this must be called after process_replication_rows to ensure any
        # cache invalidations are first handled before any stream ID advances.
@@ -433,12 +439,11 @@ class FederationSenderHandler:
            # The entities are either user IDs (starting with '@') whose devices
            # have changed, or remote servers that we need to tell about
            # changes.
-            hosts = {
-                row.entity
-                for row in rows
-                if not row.entity.startswith("@") and not row.is_signature
-            }
-            await self.federation_sender.send_device_messages(hosts, immediate=False)
+            if any(row.hosts_calculated for row in rows):
+                hosts = await self.store.get_destinations_for_device(token)
+                await self.federation_sender.send_device_messages(
+                    hosts, immediate=False
+                )

        elif stream_name == ToDeviceStream.NAME:
            # The to_device stream includes stuff to be pushed to both local
--- a/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/replication/tcp/streams/_base.py
@@ -549,10 +549,14 @@ class DeviceListsStream(_StreamFromIdGen):

    @attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
    class DeviceListsStreamRow:
-        entity: str
+        user_id: str
        # Indicates that a user has signed their own device with their user-signing key
        is_signature: bool

+        # Indicates if this is a notification that we've calculated the hosts we
+        # need to send the update to.
+        hosts_calculated: bool
+
    NAME = "device_lists"
    ROW_TYPE = DeviceListsStreamRow

@@ -594,13 +598,13 @@ class DeviceListsStream(_StreamFromIdGen):
            upper_limit_token = min(upper_limit_token, signatures_to_token)

        device_updates = [
-            (stream_id, (entity, False))
-            for stream_id, (entity,) in device_updates
+            (stream_id, (entity, False, hosts))
+            for stream_id, (entity, hosts) in device_updates
            if stream_id <= upper_limit_token
        ]

        signatures_updates = [
-            (stream_id, (entity, True))
+            (stream_id, (entity, True, False))
            for stream_id, (entity,) in signatures_updates
            if stream_id <= upper_limit_token
        ]
--- a/synapse/rest/init.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/init.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ from synapse.rest.client import (
    register,
    relations,
    rendezvous,
-    report_event,
+    reporting,
    room,
    room_keys,
    room_upgrade_rest_servlet,
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class ClientRestResource(JsonResource):
        tags.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        account_data.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        if is_main_process:
-            report_event.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
+            reporting.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
            openid.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        notifications.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        devices.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
@@ -145,6 +145,10 @@ class ClientRestResource(JsonResource):
        password_policy.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        knock.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
        appservice_ping.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)
+        if hs.config.server.enable_media_repo:
+            from synapse.rest.client import media
+
+            media.register_servlets(hs, client_resource)

        # moving to /_synapse/admin
        if is_main_process:
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/init.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/init.py
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ from synapse.rest.admin.users import (
    ResetPasswordRestServlet,
    SearchUsersRestServlet,
    ShadowBanRestServlet,
+    SuspendAccountRestServlet,
    UserAdminServlet,
    UserByExternalId,
    UserByThreePid,
@@ -327,6 +328,8 @@ def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
    BackgroundUpdateRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
    BackgroundUpdateStartJobRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
    ExperimentalFeaturesRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)
+    if hs.config.experimental.msc3823_account_suspension:
+        SuspendAccountRestServlet(hs).register(http_server)


 def register_servlets_for_client_rest_resource(
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/experimental_features.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/experimental_features.py
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ class ExperimentalFeature(str, Enum):

    MSC3026 = "msc3026"
    MSC3881 = "msc3881"
-    MSC3967 = "msc3967"


 class ExperimentalFeaturesRestServlet(RestServlet):
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/federation.py
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class ListDestinationsRestServlet(RestServlet):
    async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
        await assert_requester_is_admin(self._auth, request)

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)

        destination = parse_string(request, "destination")

@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ class DestinationMembershipRestServlet(RestServlet):
        if not await self._store.is_destination_known(destination):
            raise NotFoundError("Unknown destination")

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)

        direction = parse_enum(request, "dir", Direction, default=Direction.FORWARDS)

--- a/synapse/rest/admin/media.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/media.py
@@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ class DeleteMediaByDateSize(RestServlet):
    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
        await assert_requester_is_admin(self.auth, request)

-        before_ts = parse_integer(request, "before_ts", required=True, negative=False)
-        size_gt = parse_integer(request, "size_gt", default=0, negative=False)
+        before_ts = parse_integer(request, "before_ts", required=True)
+        size_gt = parse_integer(request, "size_gt", default=0)
        keep_profiles = parse_boolean(request, "keep_profiles", default=True)

        if before_ts < 30000000000:  # Dec 1970 in milliseconds, Aug 2920 in seconds
@@ -377,8 +377,8 @@ class UserMediaRestServlet(RestServlet):
        if user is None:
            raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)

        # If neither `order_by` nor `dir` is set, set the default order
        # to newest media is on top for backward compatibility.
@@ -421,8 +421,8 @@ class UserMediaRestServlet(RestServlet):
        if user is None:
            raise NotFoundError("Unknown user")

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)

        # If neither `order_by` nor `dir` is set, set the default order
        # to newest media is on top for backward compatibility.
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/rooms.py
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
    ResolveRoomIdMixin,
    RestServlet,
    assert_params_in_dict,
+    parse_boolean,
    parse_enum,
    parse_integer,
    parse_json,
@@ -242,13 +243,23 @@ class ListRoomRestServlet(RestServlet):
                errcode=Codes.INVALID_PARAM,
            )

+        public_rooms = parse_boolean(request, "public_rooms")
+        empty_rooms = parse_boolean(request, "empty_rooms")
+
        direction = parse_enum(request, "dir", Direction, default=Direction.FORWARDS)
        reverse_order = True if direction == Direction.BACKWARDS else False

        # Return list of rooms according to parameters
        rooms, total_rooms = await self.store.get_rooms_paginate(
-            start, limit, order_by, reverse_order, search_term
+            start,
+            limit,
+            order_by,
+            reverse_order,
+            search_term,
+            public_rooms,
+            empty_rooms,
        )
+
        response = {
            # next_token should be opaque, so return a value the client can parse
            "offset": start,
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/statistics.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/statistics.py
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ class UserMediaStatisticsRestServlet(RestServlet):
            ),
        )

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
-        from_ts = parse_integer(request, "from_ts", default=0, negative=False)
-        until_ts = parse_integer(request, "until_ts", negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)
+        from_ts = parse_integer(request, "from_ts", default=0)
+        until_ts = parse_integer(request, "until_ts")

        if until_ts is not None:
            if until_ts <= from_ts:
--- a/synapse/rest/admin/users.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/admin/users.py
@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union

 import attr

+from synapse._pydantic_compat import HAS_PYDANTIC_V2
 from synapse.api.constants import Direction, UserTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import Codes, NotFoundError, SynapseError
 from synapse.http.servlet import (
    RestServlet,
    assert_params_in_dict,
+    parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request,
    parse_boolean,
    parse_enum,
    parse_integer,
@@ -49,10 +51,17 @@ from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.registration import ExternalIDReuseException
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.stats import UserSortOrder
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, JsonMapping, UserID
+from synapse.types.rest import RequestBodyModel

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer

+if TYPE_CHECKING or HAS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+    from pydantic.v1 import StrictBool
+else:
+    from pydantic import StrictBool
+
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


@@ -90,8 +99,8 @@ class UsersRestServletV2(RestServlet):
    async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
        await assert_requester_is_admin(self.auth, request)

-        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0, negative=False)
-        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100, negative=False)
+        start = parse_integer(request, "from", default=0)
+        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=100)

        user_id = parse_string(request, "user_id")
        name = parse_string(request, "name", encoding="utf-8")
@@ -732,6 +741,36 @@ class DeactivateAccountRestServlet(RestServlet):
        return HTTPStatus.OK, {"id_server_unbind_result": id_server_unbind_result}


+class SuspendAccountRestServlet(RestServlet):
+    PATTERNS = admin_patterns("/suspend/(?P<target_user_id>[^/]*)$")
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self.is_mine = hs.is_mine
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+
+    class PutBody(RequestBodyModel):
+        suspend: StrictBool
+
+    async def on_PUT(
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, target_user_id: str
+    ) -> Tuple[int, JsonDict]:
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+        await assert_user_is_admin(self.auth, requester)
+
+        if not self.is_mine(UserID.from_string(target_user_id)):
+            raise SynapseError(HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST, "Can only suspend local users")
+
+        if not await self.store.get_user_by_id(target_user_id):
+            raise NotFoundError("User not found")
+
+        body = parse_and_validate_json_object_from_request(request, self.PutBody)
+        suspend = body.suspend
+        await self.store.set_user_suspended_status(target_user_id, suspend)
+
+        return HTTPStatus.OK, {f"user_{target_user_id}_suspended": suspend}
+
+
 class AccountValidityRenewServlet(RestServlet):
    PATTERNS = admin_patterns("/account_validity/validity$")

--- a/synapse/rest/client/account.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/account.py
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.metrics import threepid_send_requests
 from synapse.push.mailer import Mailer
-from synapse.rest.client.models import (
+from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.types.rest import RequestBodyModel
+from synapse.types.rest.client import (
    AuthenticationData,
    ClientSecretStr,
    EmailRequestTokenBody,
    MsisdnRequestTokenBody,
 )
-from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
-from synapse.types import JsonDict
 from synapse.util.msisdn import phone_number_to_msisdn
 from synapse.util.stringutils import assert_valid_client_secret, random_string
 from synapse.util.threepids import check_3pid_allowed, validate_email
--- a/synapse/rest/client/devices.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/devices.py
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns, interactive_auth_handler
-from synapse.rest.client.models import AuthenticationData
-from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.types.rest import RequestBodyModel
+from synapse.types.rest.client import AuthenticationData

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer
--- a/synapse/rest/client/directory.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/directory.py
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns
-from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, RoomAlias
+from synapse.types.rest import RequestBodyModel

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer
--- a/synapse/rest/client/keys.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/keys.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import (
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import log_kv, set_tag
-from synapse.replication.http.devices import ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet
 from synapse.rest.client._base import client_patterns, interactive_auth_handler
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, StreamToken
 from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
@@ -105,13 +104,8 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
        self.e2e_keys_handler = hs.get_e2e_keys_handler()
        self.device_handler = hs.get_device_handler()
-
-        if hs.config.worker.worker_app is None:
-            # if main process
-            self.key_uploader = self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user
-        else:
-            # then a worker
-            self.key_uploader = ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet.make_client(hs)
+        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main

    async def on_POST(
        self, request: SynapseRequest, device_id: Optional[str]
@@ -151,9 +145,10 @@ class KeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
                400, "To upload keys, you must pass device_id when authenticating"
            )

-        result = await self.key_uploader(
+        result = await self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_keys_for_user(
            user_id=user_id, device_id=device_id, keys=body
        )
+
        return 200, result


@@ -387,44 +382,35 @@ class SigningKeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
            master_key_updatable_without_uia,
        ) = await self.e2e_keys_handler.check_cross_signing_setup(user_id)

-        # Before MSC3967 we required UIA both when setting up cross signing for the
-        # first time and when resetting the device signing key. With MSC3967 we only
-        # require UIA when resetting cross-signing, and not when setting up the first
-        # time. Because there is no UIA in MSC3861, for now we throw an error if the
-        # user tries to reset the device signing key when MSC3861 is enabled, but allow
-        # first-time setup.
-        if self.hs.config.experimental.msc3861.enabled:
-            # The auth service has to explicitly mark the master key as replaceable
-            # without UIA to reset the device signing key with MSC3861.
-            if is_cross_signing_setup and not master_key_updatable_without_uia:
-                config = self.hs.config.experimental.msc3861
-                if config.account_management_url is not None:
-                    url = f"{config.account_management_url}?action=org.matrix.cross_signing_reset"
-                else:
-                    url = config.issuer
+        # Resending exactly the same keys should just 200 OK without doing a UIA prompt.
+        keys_are_different = await self.e2e_keys_handler.has_different_keys(
+            user_id, body
+        )
+        if not keys_are_different:
+            return 200, {}

-                raise SynapseError(
-                    HTTPStatus.NOT_IMPLEMENTED,
-                    "To reset your end-to-end encryption cross-signing identity, "
-                    f"you first need to approve it at {url} and then try again.",
-                    Codes.UNRECOGNIZED,
-                )
-            # But first-time setup is fine
+        # The keys are different; is x-signing set up? If no, then this is first-time
+        # setup, and that is allowed without UIA, per MSC3967.
+        # If yes, then we need to authenticate the change.
+        if is_cross_signing_setup:
+            # With MSC3861, UIA is not possible. Instead, the auth service has to
+            # explicitly mark the master key as replaceable.
+            if self.hs.config.experimental.msc3861.enabled:
+                if not master_key_updatable_without_uia:
+                    config = self.hs.config.experimental.msc3861
+                    if config.account_management_url is not None:
+                        url = f"{config.account_management_url}?action=org.matrix.cross_signing_reset"
+                    else:
+                        url = config.issuer

-        elif self.hs.config.experimental.msc3967_enabled:
-            # MSC3967 allows this endpoint to 200 OK for idempotency. Resending exactly the same
-            # keys should just 200 OK without doing a UIA prompt.
-            keys_are_different = await self.e2e_keys_handler.has_different_keys(
-                user_id, body
-            )
-            if not keys_are_different:
-                # FIXME: we do not fallthrough to upload_signing_keys_for_user because confusingly
-                # if we do, we 500 as it looks like it tries to INSERT the same key twice, causing a
-                # unique key constraint violation. This sounds like a bug?
-                return 200, {}
-            # the keys are different, is x-signing set up? If no, then the keys don't exist which is
-            # why they are different. If yes, then we need to UIA to change them.
-            if is_cross_signing_setup:
+                    raise SynapseError(
+                        HTTPStatus.NOT_IMPLEMENTED,
+                        "To reset your end-to-end encryption cross-signing identity, "
+                        f"you first need to approve it at {url} and then try again.",
+                        Codes.UNRECOGNIZED,
+                    )
+            else:
+                # Without MSC3861, we require UIA.
                await self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
                    requester,
                    request,
@@ -433,18 +419,6 @@ class SigningKeyUploadServlet(RestServlet):
                    # Do not allow skipping of UIA auth.
                    can_skip_ui_auth=False,
                )
-            # Otherwise we don't require UIA since we are setting up cross signing for first time
-        else:
-            # Previous behaviour is to always require UIA but allow it to be skipped
-            await self.auth_handler.validate_user_via_ui_auth(
-                requester,
-                request,
-                body,
-                "add a device signing key to your account",
-                # Allow skipping of UI auth since this is frequently called directly
-                # after login and it is silly to ask users to re-auth immediately.
-                can_skip_ui_auth=True,
-            )

        result = await self.e2e_keys_handler.upload_signing_keys_for_user(user_id, body)
        return 200, result
--- a/synapse/rest/client/knock.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/knock.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ class KnockRoomAliasServlet(RestServlet):
        super().__init__()
        self.room_member_handler = hs.get_room_member_handler()
        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self._support_via = hs.config.experimental.msc4156_enabled

    async def on_POST(
        self,
@@ -74,6 +75,13 @@ class KnockRoomAliasServlet(RestServlet):
            remote_room_hosts = parse_strings_from_args(
                args, "server_name", required=False
            )
+            if self._support_via:
+                remote_room_hosts = parse_strings_from_args(
+                    args,
+                    "org.matrix.msc4156.via",
+                    default=remote_room_hosts,
+                    required=False,
+                )
        elif RoomAlias.is_valid(room_identifier):
            handler = self.room_member_handler
            room_alias = RoomAlias.from_string(room_identifier)
--- a/synapse/rest/client/media.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/media.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2020 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+# Copyright 2015, 2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright (C) 2024 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import Optional
+
+from synapse.http.server import (
+    HttpServer,
+    respond_with_json,
+    respond_with_json_bytes,
+    set_corp_headers,
+    set_cors_headers,
+)
+from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_integer, parse_string
+from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
+from synapse.media._base import (
+    DEFAULT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    MAXIMUM_ALLOWED_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS,
+    respond_404,
+)
+from synapse.media.media_repository import MediaRepository
+from synapse.media.media_storage import MediaStorage
+from synapse.media.thumbnailer import ThumbnailProvider
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.util.stringutils import parse_and_validate_server_name
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UnstablePreviewURLServlet(RestServlet):
+    """
+    Same as `GET /_matrix/media/r0/preview_url`, this endpoint provides a generic preview API
+    for URLs which outputs Open Graph (https://ogp.me/) responses (with some Matrix
+    specific additions).
+
+    This does have trade-offs compared to other designs:
+
+    * Pros:
+      * Simple and flexible; can be used by any clients at any point
+    * Cons:
+      * If each homeserver provides one of these independently, all the homeservers in a
+        room may needlessly DoS the target URI
+      * The URL metadata must be stored somewhere, rather than just using Matrix
+        itself to store the media.
+      * Matrix cannot be used to distribute the metadata between homeservers.
+    """
+
+    PATTERNS = [
+        re.compile(r"^/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3916/media/preview_url$")
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+        media_repo: "MediaRepository",
+        media_storage: MediaStorage,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.media_repo = media_repo
+        self.media_storage = media_storage
+        assert self.media_repo.url_previewer is not None
+        self.url_previewer = self.media_repo.url_previewer
+
+    async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+        url = parse_string(request, "url", required=True)
+        ts = parse_integer(request, "ts")
+        if ts is None:
+            ts = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        og = await self.url_previewer.preview(url, requester.user, ts)
+        respond_with_json_bytes(request, 200, og, send_cors=True)
+
+
+class UnstableMediaConfigResource(RestServlet):
+    PATTERNS = [
+        re.compile(r"^/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3916/media/config$")
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__()
+        config = hs.config
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+        self.limits_dict = {"m.upload.size": config.media.max_upload_size}
+
+    async def on_GET(self, request: SynapseRequest) -> None:
+        await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+        respond_with_json(request, 200, self.limits_dict, send_cors=True)
+
+
+class UnstableThumbnailResource(RestServlet):
+    PATTERNS = [
+        re.compile(
+            "/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc3916/media/thumbnail/(?P<server_name>[^/]*)/(?P<media_id>[^/]*)$"
+        )
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+        media_repo: "MediaRepository",
+        media_storage: MediaStorage,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self.media_repo = media_repo
+        self.media_storage = media_storage
+        self.dynamic_thumbnails = hs.config.media.dynamic_thumbnails
+        self._is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name
+        self._server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.prevent_media_downloads_from = hs.config.media.prevent_media_downloads_from
+        self.thumbnailer = ThumbnailProvider(hs, media_repo, media_storage)
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self, request: SynapseRequest, server_name: str, media_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        # Validate the server name, raising if invalid
+        parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name)
+        await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+
+        set_cors_headers(request)
+        set_corp_headers(request)
+        width = parse_integer(request, "width", required=True)
+        height = parse_integer(request, "height", required=True)
+        method = parse_string(request, "method", "scale")
+        # TODO Parse the Accept header to get an prioritised list of thumbnail types.
+        m_type = "image/png"
+        max_timeout_ms = parse_integer(
+            request, "timeout_ms", default=DEFAULT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS
+        )
+        max_timeout_ms = min(max_timeout_ms, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+        if self._is_mine_server_name(server_name):
+            if self.dynamic_thumbnails:
+                await self.thumbnailer.select_or_generate_local_thumbnail(
+                    request, media_id, width, height, method, m_type, max_timeout_ms
+                )
+            else:
+                await self.thumbnailer.respond_local_thumbnail(
+                    request, media_id, width, height, method, m_type, max_timeout_ms
+                )
+            self.media_repo.mark_recently_accessed(None, media_id)
+        else:
+            # Don't let users download media from configured domains, even if it
+            # is already downloaded. This is Trust & Safety tooling to make some
+            # media inaccessible to local users.
+            # See `prevent_media_downloads_from` config docs for more info.
+            if server_name in self.prevent_media_downloads_from:
+                respond_404(request)
+                return
+
+            ip_address = request.getClientAddress().host
+            remote_resp_function = (
+                self.thumbnailer.select_or_generate_remote_thumbnail
+                if self.dynamic_thumbnails
+                else self.thumbnailer.respond_remote_thumbnail
+            )
+            await remote_resp_function(
+                request,
+                server_name,
+                media_id,
+                width,
+                height,
+                method,
+                m_type,
+                max_timeout_ms,
+                ip_address,
+            )
+            self.media_repo.mark_recently_accessed(server_name, media_id)
+
+
+class DownloadResource(RestServlet):
+    PATTERNS = [
+        re.compile(
+            "/_matrix/client/v1/media/download/(?P<server_name>[^/]*)/(?P<media_id>[^/]*)(/(?P<file_name>[^/]*))?$"
+        )
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer", media_repo: "MediaRepository"):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.media_repo = media_repo
+        self._is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name
+        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
+
+    async def on_GET(
+        self,
+        request: SynapseRequest,
+        server_name: str,
+        media_id: str,
+        file_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Validate the server name, raising if invalid
+        parse_and_validate_server_name(server_name)
+
+        await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
+
+        set_cors_headers(request)
+        set_corp_headers(request)
+        request.setHeader(
+            b"Content-Security-Policy",
+            b"sandbox;"
+            b" default-src 'none';"
+            b" script-src 'none';"
+            b" plugin-types application/pdf;"
+            b" style-src 'unsafe-inline';"
+            b" media-src 'self';"
+            b" object-src 'self';",
+        )
+        # Limited non-standard form of CSP for IE11
+        request.setHeader(b"X-Content-Security-Policy", b"sandbox;")
+        request.setHeader(b"Referrer-Policy", b"no-referrer")
+        max_timeout_ms = parse_integer(
+            request, "timeout_ms", default=DEFAULT_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS
+        )
+        max_timeout_ms = min(max_timeout_ms, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED_MAX_TIMEOUT_MS)
+
+        if self._is_mine_server_name(server_name):
+            await self.media_repo.get_local_media(
+                request, media_id, file_name, max_timeout_ms
+            )
+        else:
+            ip_address = request.getClientAddress().host
+            await self.media_repo.get_remote_media(
+                request,
+                server_name,
+                media_id,
+                file_name,
+                max_timeout_ms,
+                ip_address,
+                True,
+            )
+
+
+def register_servlets(hs: "HomeServer", http_server: HttpServer) -> None:
+    media_repo = hs.get_media_repository()
+    if hs.config.media.url_preview_enabled:
+        UnstablePreviewURLServlet(hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage).register(
+            http_server
+        )
+    UnstableMediaConfigResource(hs).register(http_server)
+    UnstableThumbnailResource(hs, media_repo, media_repo.media_storage).register(
+        http_server
+    )
+    DownloadResource(hs, media_repo).register(http_server)
--- a/synapse/rest/client/models.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/models.py
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
-#
-# Copyright 2022 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
-# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
-#
-# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
-# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
-# License, or (at your option) any later version.
-#
-# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
-# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
-#
-# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
-# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
-#
-# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
-#
-#
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Optional
-
-from synapse._pydantic_compat import HAS_PYDANTIC_V2
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING or HAS_PYDANTIC_V2:
-    from pydantic.v1 import Extra, StrictInt, StrictStr, constr, validator
-else:
-    from pydantic import Extra, StrictInt, StrictStr, constr, validator
-
-from synapse.rest.models import RequestBodyModel
-from synapse.util.threepids import validate_email
-
-
-class AuthenticationData(RequestBodyModel):
-    """
-    Data used during user-interactive authentication.
-
-    (The name "Authentication Data" is taken directly from the spec.)
-
-    Additional keys will be present, depending on the `type` field. Use
-    `.dict(exclude_unset=True)` to access them.
-    """
-
-    class Config:
-        extra = Extra.allow
-
-    session: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-    type: Optional[StrictStr] = None
-
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    ClientSecretStr = StrictStr
-else:
-    # See also assert_valid_client_secret()
-    ClientSecretStr = constr(
-        regex="[0-9a-zA-Z.=_-]",  # noqa: F722
-        min_length=1,
-        max_length=255,
-        strict=True,
-    )
-
-
-class ThreepidRequestTokenBody(RequestBodyModel):
-    client_secret: ClientSecretStr
-    id_server: Optional[StrictStr]
-    id_access_token: Optional[StrictStr]
-    next_link: Optional[StrictStr]
-    send_attempt: StrictInt
-
-    @validator("id_access_token", always=True)
-    def token_required_for_identity_server(
-        cls, token: Optional[str], values: Dict[str, object]
-    ) -> Optional[str]:
-        if values.get("id_server") is not None and token is None:
-            raise ValueError("id_access_token is required if an id_server is supplied.")
-        return token
-
-
-class EmailRequestTokenBody(ThreepidRequestTokenBody):
-    email: StrictStr
-
-    # Canonicalise the email address. The addresses are all stored canonicalised
-    # in the database. This allows the user to reset his password without having to
-    # know the exact spelling (eg. upper and lower case) of address in the database.
-    # Without this, an email stored in the database as "foo@bar.com" would cause
-    # user requests for "FOO@bar.com" to raise a Not Found error.
-    _email_validator = validator("email", allow_reuse=True)(validate_email)
-
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    ISO3116_1_Alpha_2 = StrictStr
-else:
-    # Per spec: two-letter uppercase ISO-3166-1-alpha-2
-    ISO3116_1_Alpha_2 = constr(regex="[A-Z]{2}", strict=True)
-
-
-class MsisdnRequestTokenBody(ThreepidRequestTokenBody):
-    country: ISO3116_1_Alpha_2
-    phone_number: StrictStr
--- a/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py
+++ b/synapse/rest/client/notifications.py
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import RestServlet, parse_integer, parse_string
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.types import JsonDict

+from ...api.errors import SynapseError
 from ._base import client_patterns

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -56,7 +57,22 @@ class NotificationsServlet(RestServlet):
        requester = await self.auth.get_user_by_req(request)
        user_id = requester.user.to_string()

-        from_token = parse_string(request, "from", required=False)
+        # While this is intended to be "string" to clients, the 'from' token
+        # is actually based on a numeric ID. So it must parse to an int.
+        from_token_str = parse_string(request, "from", required=False)
+        if from_token_str is not None:
+            # Parse to an integer.
+            try:
+                from_token = int(from_token_str)
+            except ValueError:
+                # If it doesn't parse to an integer, then this cannot possibly be a valid
+                # pagination token, as we only hand out integers.
+                raise SynapseError(
+                    400, 'Query parameter "from" contains unrecognised token'
+                )
+        else:
+            from_token = None
+
        limit = parse_integer(request, "limit", default=50)
        only = parse_string(request, "only", required=False)

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Add the ability to auto-accept invites on the behalf of users. See the [`auto_accept_invites`](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#auto-accept-invites) config option for details.
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Update OIDC documentation: by default Matrix doesn't query userinfo endpoint, then claims should be put on id_token.`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Reduce work of calculating outbound device lists updates.`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Improve performance of calculating device lists changes in `/sync`.
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				Add `rooms` data to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint.
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				Add `room_types`/`not_room_types` filtering to experimental [MSC3575](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3575) Sliding Sync `/sync` endpoint.
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				Clarify `url_preview_url_blacklist` is a usability feature.
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Fix rare race which causes no new to-device messages to be received from remote server.`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Support [MSC3916](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/blob/rav/authentication-for-media/proposals/3916-authentication-for-media.md) by adding _matrix/client/v1/media/download endpoint.`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`Fix building debian packages on non-clean checkouts.`