Move storage provider compatibility notice to the top of the changelog

1.140.0
Add s3 warning to changelog and upgrade notes
2025-12-05 01:10:13 +00:00 · 2025-10-14 15:27:34 +01:00 · 2025-10-14 15:26:15 +01:00 · 2025-10-10 12:09:14 +01:00 · 2025-10-10 11:52:07 +01:00 · 2025-10-10 11:28:56 +01:00
489 changed files with 10112 additions and 2916 deletions
--- a/.ci/scripts/triage_labelled_issue.sh
+++ b/.ci/scripts/triage_labelled_issue.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# 1) Resolve project ID.
+PROJECT_ID=$(gh project view "$PROJECT_NUMBER" --owner "$PROJECT_OWNER" --format json | jq -r '.id')
+
+# 2) Find existing item (project card) for this issue.
+ITEM_ID=$(
+  gh project item-list "$PROJECT_NUMBER" --owner "$PROJECT_OWNER" --format json \
+  | jq -r --arg url "$ISSUE_URL" '.items[] | select(.content.url==$url) | .id' | head -n1
+)
+
+# 3) If one doesn't exist, add this issue to the project.
+if [ -z "${ITEM_ID:-}" ]; then
+  ITEM_ID=$(gh project item-add "$PROJECT_NUMBER" --owner "$PROJECT_OWNER" --url "$ISSUE_URL" --format json | jq -r '.id')
+fi
+
+# 4) Get Status field id + the option id for TARGET_STATUS.
+FIELDS_JSON=$(gh project field-list "$PROJECT_NUMBER" --owner "$PROJECT_OWNER" --format json)
+STATUS_FIELD=$(echo "$FIELDS_JSON" | jq -r '.fields[] | select(.name=="Status")')
+STATUS_FIELD_ID=$(echo "$STATUS_FIELD" | jq -r '.id')
+OPTION_ID=$(echo "$STATUS_FIELD" | jq -r --arg name "$TARGET_STATUS" '.options[] | select(.name==$name) | .id')
+
+if [ -z "${OPTION_ID:-}" ]; then
+  echo "No Status option named \"$TARGET_STATUS\" found"; exit 1
+fi
+
+# 5) Set Status (moves item to the matching column in the board view).
+gh project item-edit --id "$ITEM_ID" --project-id "$PROJECT_ID" --field-id "$STATUS_FIELD_ID" --single-select-option-id "$OPTION_ID"
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ jobs:
          echo "SYNAPSE_VERSION=$(grep "^version" pyproject.toml | sed -E 's/version\s*=\s*["]([^"]*)["]/\1/')" >> $GITHUB_ENV

      - name: Log in to DockerHub
-        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3.5.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3.5.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ jobs:
          merge-multiple: true

      - name: Log in to DockerHub
-        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3.5.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.repository, 'docker.io') }}
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Log in to GHCR
-        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3.5.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        if: ${{ startsWith(matrix.repository, 'ghcr.io') }}
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@e468171a9de216ec08956ac3ada2f0791b6bd435 # v3.11.1

      - name: Install Cosign
-        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@d58896d6a1865668819e1d91763c7751a165e159 # v3.9.2
+        uses: sigstore/cosign-installer@d7543c93d881b35a8faa02e8e3605f69b7a1ce62 # v3.10.0

      - name: Calculate docker image tag
        uses: docker/metadata-action@c1e51972afc2121e065aed6d45c65596fe445f3f # v5.8.0
--- a/.github/workflows/fix_lint.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fix_lint.yaml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
          components: clippy, rustfmt
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Setup Poetry
        uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
--- a/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/latest_deps.yml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      # The dev dependencies aren't exposed in the wheel metadata (at least with current
      # poetry-core versions), so we install with poetry.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: sudo apt-get -qq install xmlsec1
      - name: Set up PostgreSQL ${{ matrix.postgres-version }}
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Ensure sytest runs `pip install`
        # Delete the lockfile so sytest will `pip install` rather than `poetry install`
--- a/.github/workflows/push_complement_image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/push_complement_image.yml
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          ref: master
      - name: Login to registry
-        uses: docker/login-action@184bdaa0721073962dff0199f1fb9940f07167d1 # v3.5.0
+        uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: ${{ github.actor }}
--- a/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-artifacts.yml
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ jobs:
          install: true

      - name: Set up docker layer caching
-        uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
        with:
          path: /tmp/.buildx-cache
          key: ${{ runner.os }}-buildx-${{ github.sha }}
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ jobs:
        os:
          - ubuntu-24.04
          - ubuntu-24.04-arm
-          - macos-13 # This uses x86-64
          - macos-14 # This uses arm64
+          - macos-15-intel # This uses x86-64
        # is_pr is a flag used to exclude certain jobs from the matrix on PRs.
        # It is not read by the rest of the workflow.
        is_pr:
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
        exclude:
          # Don't build macos wheels on PR CI.
          - is_pr: true
-            os: "macos-13"
+            os: "macos-15-intel"
          - is_pr: true
            os: "macos-14"
          # Don't build aarch64 wheels on PR CI.
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1
      - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
        with:
          python-version: "3.x"
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Setup Poetry
        uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ jobs:
      # Cribbed from
      # https://github.com/AustinScola/mypy-cache-github-action/blob/85ea4f2972abed39b33bd02c36e341b28ca59213/src/restore.ts#L10-L17
      - name: Restore/persist mypy's cache
-        uses: actions/cache@0400d5f644dc74513175e3cd8d07132dd4860809 # v4.2.4
+        uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
        with:
          path: |
            .mypy_cache
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1
      - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
        with:
          poetry-version: "2.1.1"
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
            components: clippy
            toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: cargo clippy -- -D warnings

@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
            toolchain: nightly-2025-04-23
            components: clippy
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: cargo clippy --all-features -- -D warnings

@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Setup Poetry
        uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ jobs:
          # `.rustfmt.toml`.
          toolchain: nightly-2025-04-23
          components: rustfmt
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: cargo fmt --check

@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
        with:
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      # There aren't wheels for some of the older deps, so we need to install
      # their build dependencies
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Run SyTest
        run: /bootstrap.sh synapse
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Prepare Complement's Prerequisites
        run: synapse/.ci/scripts/setup_complement_prerequisites.sh
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: cargo test

@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
            toolchain: nightly-2022-12-01
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - run: cargo bench --no-run

--- a/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/triage_labelled.yml
@@ -6,43 +6,26 @@ on:

 jobs:
  move_needs_info:
-    name: Move X-Needs-Info on the triage board
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: >
      contains(github.event.issue.labels.*.name, 'X-Needs-Info')
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+    env:
+      # This token must have the following scopes: ["repo:public_repo", "admin:org->read:org", "user->read:user", "project"]
+      GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
+      PROJECT_OWNER: matrix-org
+      # Backend issue triage board.
+      # https://github.com/orgs/matrix-org/projects/67/views/1
+      PROJECT_NUMBER: 67
+      ISSUE_URL: ${{ github.event.issue.html_url }}
+      # This field is case-sensitive.
+      TARGET_STATUS: Needs info
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/add-to-project@4515659e2b458b27365e167605ac44f219494b66 # v1.0.2
-        id: add_project
+      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
        with:
-          project-url: "https://github.com/orgs/matrix-org/projects/67"
-          github-token: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
-        # This action will error if the issue already exists on the project. Which is
-        # common as `X-Needs-Info` will often be added to issues that are already in
-        # the triage queue. Prevent the whole job from failing in this case.
-        continue-on-error: true
-      - name: Set status
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.ELEMENT_BOT_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          gh api graphql -f query='
-          mutation(
-              $project: ID!
-              $item: ID!
-              $fieldid: ID!
-              $columnid: String!
-            )  {
-            updateProjectV2ItemFieldValue(
-              input: {
-               projectId: $project
-                itemId: $item
-                fieldId: $fieldid
-                value: { 
-                  singleSelectOptionId: $columnid
-                  }
-              }
-            ) {
-              projectV2Item {
-                id
-              }
-            }
-          }' -f project="PVT_kwDOAIB0Bs4AFDdZ" -f item=${{ steps.add_project.outputs.itemId }} -f fieldid="PVTSSF_lADOAIB0Bs4AFDdZzgC6ZA4" -f columnid=ba22e43c --silent
+          # Only clone the script file we care about, instead of the whole repo.
+          sparse-checkout: .ci/scripts/triage_labelled_issue.sh
+
+      - name: Ensure issue exists on the board, then set Status
+        run: .ci/scripts/triage_labelled_issue.sh
--- a/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/twisted_trunk.yml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
        with:
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - uses: matrix-org/setup-python-poetry@5bbf6603c5c930615ec8a29f1b5d7d258d905aa4 # v2.0.0
        with:
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@e97e2d8cc328f1b50210efc529dca0028893a2d9 # master
        with:
          toolchain: ${{ env.RUST_VERSION }}
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@98c8021b550208e191a6a3145459bfc9fb29c4c0 # v2.8.0
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@f13886b937689c021905a6b90929199931d60db1 # v2.8.1

      - name: Patch dependencies
        # Note: The poetry commands want to create a virtualenv in /src/.venv/,
--- a/CHANGES.md
+++ b/CHANGES.md
@@ -1,3 +1,257 @@
+# Synapse 1.140.0 (2025-10-14)
+
+## Compatibility notice for users of `synapse-s3-storage-provider`
+
+Deployments that make use of the
+[synapse-s3-storage-provider](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider)
+module must upgrade to
+[v1.6.0](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider/releases/tag/v1.6.0).
+Using older versions of the module with this release of Synapse will prevent
+users from being able to upload or download media.
+
+
+No significant changes since 1.140.0rc1.
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.140.0rc1 (2025-10-10)
+
+## Features
+
+- Add [a new Media Query by ID Admin API](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/v1.140/admin_api/media_admin_api.html#query-a-piece-of-media-by-id) that allows server admins to query and investigate the metadata of local or cached remote media via
+  the `origin/media_id` identifier found in a [Matrix Content URI](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.14/client-server-api/#matrix-content-mxc-uris). ([\#18911](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18911))
+- Add [a new Fetch Event Admin API](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/v1.140/admin_api/fetch_event.html) to fetch an event by ID. ([\#18963](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18963))
+- Update [MSC4284: Policy Servers](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4284) implementation to support signatures when available. ([\#18934](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18934))
+- Add experimental implementation of the `GET /_matrix/client/v1/rtc/transports` endpoint for the latest draft of [MSC4143: MatrixRTC](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4143). ([\#18967](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18967))
+- Expose a `defer_to_threadpool` function in the Synapse Module API that allows modules to run a function on a separate thread in a custom threadpool. ([\#19032](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19032))
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix room upgrade `room_config` argument and documentation for `user_may_create_room` spam-checker callback. ([\#18721](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18721))
+- Compute a user's last seen timestamp from their devices' last seen timestamps instead of IPs, because the latter are automatically cleared according to `user_ips_max_age`. ([\#18948](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18948))
+- Fix bug where ephemeral events were not filtered by room ID. Contributed by @frastefanini. ([\#19002](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19002))
+- Update Synapse main process version string to include git info. ([\#19011](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19011))
+
+## Improved Documentation
+
+- Explain how `Deferred` callbacks interact with logcontexts. ([\#18914](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18914))
+- Fix documentation for `rc_room_creation` and `rc_reports` to clarify that a `per_user` rate limit is not supported. ([\#18998](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18998))
+
+## Deprecations and Removals
+
+- Remove deprecated `LoggingContext.set_current_context`/`LoggingContext.current_context` methods which already have equivalent bare methods in `synapse.logging.context`. ([\#18989](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18989))
+- Drop support for unstable field names from the long-accepted [MSC2732](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2732) (Olm fallback keys) proposal. ([\#18996](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18996))
+
+## Internal Changes
+
+- Cleanly shutdown `SynapseHomeServer` object, allowing artifacts of embedded small hosts to be properly garbage collected. ([\#18828](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18828))
+- Update OEmbed providers to use 'X' instead of 'Twitter' in URL previews, following a rebrand. Contributed by @HammyHavoc. ([\#18767](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18767))
+- Fix `server_name` in logging context for multiple Synapse instances in one process. ([\#18868](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18868))
+- Wrap the Rust HTTP client with `make_deferred_yieldable` so it follows Synapse logcontext rules. ([\#18903](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18903))
+- Fix the GitHub Actions workflow that moves issues labeled "X-Needs-Info" to the "Needs info" column on the team's internal triage board. ([\#18913](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18913))
+- Disconnect background process work from request trace. ([\#18932](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18932))
+- Reduce overall number of calls to `_get_e2e_cross_signing_signatures_for_devices` by increasing the batch size of devices the query is called with, reducing DB load. ([\#18939](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18939))
+- Update error code used when an appservice tries to masquerade as an unknown device using [MSC4326](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4326). Contributed by @tulir @ Beeper. ([\#18947](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18947))
+- Fix `no active span when trying to log` tracing error on startup (when OpenTracing is enabled). ([\#18959](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18959))
+- Fix `run_coroutine_in_background(...)` incorrectly handling logcontext. ([\#18964](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18964))
+- Add debug logs wherever we change current logcontext. ([\#18966](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18966))
+- Update dockerfile metadata to fix broken link; point to documentation website. ([\#18971](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18971))
+- Note that the code is additionally licensed under the [Element Commercial license](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/blob/develop/LICENSE-COMMERCIAL) in SPDX expression field configs. ([\#18973](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18973))
+- Fix logcontext handling in `timeout_deferred` tests. ([\#18974](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18974))
+- Remove internal `ReplicationUploadKeysForUserRestServlet` as a follow-up to the work in https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/pull/18581 that moved device changes off the main process. ([\#18988](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18988))
+- Switch task scheduler from raw logcontext manipulation to using the dedicated logcontext utils. ([\#18990](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18990))
+- Remove `MockClock()` in tests. ([\#18992](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18992))
+- Switch back to our own custom `LogContextScopeManager` instead of OpenTracing's `ContextVarsScopeManager` which was causing problems when using the experimental `SYNAPSE_ASYNC_IO_REACTOR` option with tracing enabled. ([\#19007](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19007))
+- Remove `version_string` argument from `HomeServer` since it's always the same. ([\#19012](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19012))
+- Remove duplicate call to `hs.start_background_tasks()` introduced from a bad merge. ([\#19013](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19013))
+- Split homeserver creation (`create_homeserver`) and setup (`setup`). ([\#19015](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19015))
+- Swap near-end-of-life `macos-13` GitHub Actions runner for the `macos-15-intel` variant. ([\#19025](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19025))
+- Introduce `RootConfig.validate_config()` which can be subclassed in `HomeServerConfig` to do cross-config class validation. ([\#19027](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19027))
+- Allow any command of the `release.py` script to accept a `--gh-token` argument. ([\#19035](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19035))
+
+
+
+### Updates to locked dependencies
+
+* Bump Swatinem/rust-cache from 2.8.0 to 2.8.1. ([\#18949](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18949))
+* Bump actions/cache from 4.2.4 to 4.3.0. ([\#18983](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18983))
+* Bump anyhow from 1.0.99 to 1.0.100. ([\#18950](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18950))
+* Bump authlib from 1.6.3 to 1.6.4. ([\#18957](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18957))
+* Bump authlib from 1.6.4 to 1.6.5. ([\#19019](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19019))
+* Bump bcrypt from 4.3.0 to 5.0.0. ([\#18984](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18984))
+* Bump docker/login-action from 3.5.0 to 3.6.0. ([\#18978](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18978))
+* Bump lxml from 6.0.0 to 6.0.2. ([\#18979](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18979))
+* Bump phonenumbers from 9.0.13 to 9.0.14. ([\#18954](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18954))
+* Bump phonenumbers from 9.0.14 to 9.0.15. ([\#18991](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18991))
+* Bump prometheus-client from 0.22.1 to 0.23.1. ([\#19016](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19016))
+* Bump pydantic from 2.11.9 to 2.11.10. ([\#19017](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19017))
+* Bump pygithub from 2.7.0 to 2.8.1. ([\#18952](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18952))
+* Bump regex from 1.11.2 to 1.11.3. ([\#18981](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18981))
+* Bump serde from 1.0.224 to 1.0.226. ([\#18953](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18953))
+* Bump serde from 1.0.226 to 1.0.228. ([\#18982](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18982))
+* Bump setuptools-rust from 1.11.1 to 1.12.0. ([\#18980](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18980))
+* Bump twine from 6.1.0 to 6.2.0. ([\#18985](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18985))
+* Bump types-pyyaml from 6.0.12.20250809 to 6.0.12.20250915. ([\#19018](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19018))
+* Bump types-requests from 2.32.4.20250809 to 2.32.4.20250913. ([\#18951](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18951))
+* Bump typing-extensions from 4.14.1 to 4.15.0. ([\#18956](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18956))
+
+# Synapse 1.139.2 (2025-10-07)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix a bug introduced in 1.139.1 where a client could receive an Internal Server Error if they set `device_keys: null` in the request to [`POST /_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.16/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3keysupload). ([\#19023](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19023))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.139.1 (2025-10-07)
+
+## Security Fixes
+
+- Fix [CVE-2025-61672](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61672) / [GHSA-fh66-fcv5-jjfr](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/security/advisories/GHSA-fh66-fcv5-jjfr). Lack of validation for device keys in Synapse before 1.139.1 allows an attacker registered on the victim homeserver to degrade federation functionality, unpredictably breaking outbound federation to other homeservers. ([\#17097](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17097))
+
+## Deprecations and Removals
+
+- Drop support for unstable field names from the long-accepted [MSC2732](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2732) (Olm fallback keys) proposal. This change allows unit tests to pass following the security patch above. ([\#18996](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18996))
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.138.4 (2025-10-07)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix a bug introduced in 1.138.3 where a client could receive an Internal Server Error if they set `device_keys: null` in the request to [`POST /_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload`](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.16/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3keysupload). ([\#19023](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/19023))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.138.3 (2025-10-07)
+
+## Security Fixes
+
+- Fix [CVE-2025-61672](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61672) / [GHSA-fh66-fcv5-jjfr](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/security/advisories/GHSA-fh66-fcv5-jjfr). Lack of validation for device keys in Synapse before 1.139.1 allows an attacker registered on the victim homeserver to degrade federation functionality, unpredictably breaking outbound federation to other homeservers. ([\#17097](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/17097))
+
+## Deprecations and Removals
+
+- Drop support for unstable field names from the long-accepted [MSC2732](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2732) (Olm fallback keys) proposal. This change allows unit tests to pass following the security patch above. ([\#18996](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18996))
+
+# Synapse 1.139.0 (2025-09-30)
+
+### `/register` requests from old application service implementations may break when using MAS
+
+If you are using Matrix Authentication Service (MAS), as of this release any
+Application Services that do not set `inhibit_login=true` when calling `POST
+/_matrix/client/v3/register` will receive the error
+`IO.ELEMENT.MSC4190.M_APPSERVICE_LOGIN_UNSUPPORTED` in response. Please see [the
+upgrade
+notes](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/develop/upgrade.html#register-requests-from-old-application-service-implementations-may-break-when-using-mas)
+for more information.
+
+No significant changes since 1.139.0rc3.
+
+
+# Synapse 1.139.0rc3 (2025-09-25)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix a bug introduced in 1.139.0rc1 where `run_coroutine_in_background(...)` incorrectly handled logcontexts, resulting in partially broken logging. ([\#18964](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18964))
+
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.139.0rc2 (2025-09-23)
+
+## Internal Changes
+
+- Drop support for Ubuntu 24.10 Oracular Oriole, and add support for Ubuntu 25.04 Plucky Puffin. This change was applied on top of 1.139.0rc1. ([\#18962](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18962))
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.139.0rc1 (2025-09-23)
+
+## Features
+
+- Add experimental support for [MSC4308: Thread Subscriptions extension to Sliding Sync](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4308) when [MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4306) and [MSC4186: Simplified Sliding Sync](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4186) are enabled. ([\#18695](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18695))
+- Update push rules for experimental [MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/4306) to follow a newer draft. ([\#18846](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18846))
+- Add `get_media_upload_limits_for_user` and `on_media_upload_limit_exceeded` module API callbacks to the media repository. ([\#18848](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18848))
+- Support [MSC4169](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4169) for backwards-compatible redaction sending using the `/send` endpoint. Contributed by @SpiritCroc @ Beeper. ([\#18898](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18898))
+- Add an in-memory cache to `_get_e2e_cross_signing_signatures_for_devices` to reduce DB load. ([\#18899](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18899))
+- Update [MSC4190](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4190) support to return correct errors and allow appservices to reset cross-signing keys without user-interactive authentication. Contributed by @tulir @ Beeper. ([\#18946](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18946))
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Ensure all PDUs sent via `/send` pass canonical JSON checks. ([\#18641](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18641))
+- Fix bug where we did not send invite revocations over federation. ([\#18823](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18823))
+- Fix prefixed support for [MSC4133](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4133). ([\#18875](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18875))
+- Fix open redirect in legacy SSO flow with the `idp` query parameter. ([\#18909](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18909))
+- Fix a performance regression related to the experimental Delayed Events ([MSC4140](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4140)) feature. ([\#18926](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18926))
+
+## Updates to the Docker image
+
+- Suppress "Applying schema" log noise bulk when `SYNAPSE_LOG_TESTING` is set. ([\#18878](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18878))
+
+## Improved Documentation
+
+- Clarify Python dependency constraints in our deprecation policy. ([\#18856](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18856))
+- Clarify necessary `jwt_config` parameter in OIDC documentation for authentik. Contributed by @maxkratz. ([\#18931](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18931))
+
+## Deprecations and Removals
+
+- Remove obsolete and experimental `/sync/e2ee` endpoint. ([\#18583](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18583))
+
+## Internal Changes
+
+- Fix `LaterGauge` metrics to collect from all servers. ([\#18791](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18791))
+- Configure Synapse to run [MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4306) Complement tests. ([\#18819](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18819))
+- Remove `sentinel` logcontext usage where we log in `setup`, `start` and `exit`. ([\#18870](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18870))
+- Use the `Enum`'s value for the dictionary key when responding to an admin request for experimental features. ([\#18874](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18874))
+- Start background tasks after we fork the process (daemonize). ([\#18886](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18886))
+- Better explain how we manage the logcontext in `run_in_background(...)` and `run_as_background_process(...)`. ([\#18900](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18900), [\#18906](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18906))
+- Remove `sentinel` logcontext usage in `Clock` utilities like `looping_call` and `call_later`. ([\#18907](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18907))
+- Replace usages of the deprecated `pkg_resources` interface in preparation of setuptools dropping it soon. ([\#18910](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18910))
+- Split loading config from homeserver `setup`. ([\#18933](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18933))
+- Fix `run_in_background` not being awaited properly in some tests causing `LoggingContext` problems. ([\#18937](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18937))
+- Fix `run_as_background_process` not being awaited properly causing `LoggingContext` problems in experimental [MSC4140](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4140): Delayed events implementation. ([\#18938](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18938))
+- Introduce `Clock.call_when_running(...)` to wrap startup code in a logcontext, ensuring we can identify which server generated the logs. ([\#18944](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18944))
+- Introduce `Clock.add_system_event_trigger(...)` to wrap system event callback code in a logcontext, ensuring we can identify which server generated the logs. ([\#18945](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18945))
+
+
+
+### Updates to locked dependencies
+
+* Bump actions/setup-go from 5.5.0 to 6.0.0. ([\#18891](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18891))
+* Bump actions/setup-python from 5.6.0 to 6.0.0. ([\#18890](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18890))
+* Bump authlib from 1.6.1 to 1.6.3. ([\#18921](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18921))
+* Bump jsonschema from 4.25.0 to 4.25.1. ([\#18897](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18897))
+* Bump log from 0.4.27 to 0.4.28. ([\#18892](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18892))
+* Bump phonenumbers from 9.0.12 to 9.0.13. ([\#18893](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18893))
+* Bump pydantic from 2.11.7 to 2.11.9. ([\#18922](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18922))
+* Bump serde from 1.0.219 to 1.0.223. ([\#18920](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18920))
+* Bump serde_json from 1.0.143 to 1.0.145. ([\#18919](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18919))
+* Bump sigstore/cosign-installer from 3.9.2 to 3.10.0. ([\#18917](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18917))
+* Bump towncrier from 24.8.0 to 25.8.0. ([\#18894](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18894))
+* Bump types-psycopg2 from 2.9.21.20250809 to 2.9.21.20250915. ([\#18918](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18918))
+* Bump types-requests from 2.32.4.20250611 to 2.32.4.20250809. ([\#18895](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18895))
+* Bump types-setuptools from 80.9.0.20250809 to 80.9.0.20250822. ([\#18924](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18924))
+
+# Synapse 1.138.2 (2025-09-24)
+
+## Internal Changes
+
+- Drop support for Ubuntu 24.10 Oracular Oriole, and add support for Ubuntu 25.04 Plucky Puffin. This change was applied on top of 1.138.1. ([\#18962](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18962))
+
+
+
+# Synapse 1.138.1 (2025-09-24)
+
+## Bugfixes
+
+- Fix a performance regression related to the experimental Delayed Events ([MSC4140](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4140)) feature. ([\#18926](https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/issues/18926))
+
+
+
+
 # Synapse 1.138.0 (2025-09-09)

 No significant changes since 1.138.0rc1.
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.99"
+version = "1.0.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b0674a1ddeecb70197781e945de4b3b8ffb61fa939a5597bcf48503737663100"
+checksum = "a23eb6b1614318a8071c9b2521f36b424b2c83db5eb3a0fead4a6c0809af6e61"

 [[package]]
 name = "arc-swap"
@@ -1062,9 +1062,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.11.2"
+version = "1.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23d7fd106d8c02486a8d64e778353d1cffe08ce79ac2e82f540c86d0facf6912"
+checksum = "8b5288124840bee7b386bc413c487869b360b2b4ec421ea56425128692f2a82c"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@@ -1074,9 +1074,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.9"
+version = "0.4.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
+checksum = "833eb9ce86d40ef33cb1306d8accf7bc8ec2bfea4355cbdebb3df68b40925cad"
 dependencies = [
 "aho-corasick",
 "memchr",
@@ -1250,18 +1250,28 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.219"
+version = "1.0.228"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f0e2c6ed6606019b4e29e69dbaba95b11854410e5347d525002456dbbb786b6"
+checksum = "9a8e94ea7f378bd32cbbd37198a4a91436180c5bb472411e48b5ec2e2124ae9e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+ "serde_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_core"
+version = "1.0.228"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41d385c7d4ca58e59fc732af25c3983b67ac852c1a25000afe1175de458b67ad"
 dependencies = [
 "serde_derive",
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.219"
+version = "1.0.228"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b0276cf7f2c73365f7157c8123c21cd9a50fbbd844757af28ca1f5925fc2a00"
+checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -1270,14 +1280,15 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.143"
+version = "1.0.145"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d401abef1d108fbd9cbaebc3e46611f4b1021f714a0597a71f41ee463f5f4a5a"
+checksum = "402a6f66d8c709116cf22f558eab210f5a50187f702eb4d7e5ef38d9a7f1c79c"
 dependencies = [
 "itoa",
 "memchr",
 "ryu",
 "serde",
+ "serde_core",
 ]

 [[package]]
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -265,6 +265,8 @@ This software is dual-licensed by New Vector Ltd (Element). It can be used eithe

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the Licenses is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the Licenses for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the Licenses.

+Please contact `licensing@element.io <mailto:licensing@element.io>`_ to purchase an Element commercial license for this software.
+

 .. |support| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-community%20support-success
  :alt: (get community support in #synapse:matrix.org)
--- a/changelog.d/18583.removal
+++ b/changelog.d/18583.removal
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Remove obsolete and experimental `/sync/e2ee` endpoint.
--- a/changelog.d/18791.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/18791.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix `LaterGauge` metrics to collect from all servers.
--- a/changelog.d/18819.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/18819.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Configure Synapse to run MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions Complement tests.
--- a/changelog.d/18823.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/18823.bugfix
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix bug where we did not send invite revocations over federation.
--- a/changelog.d/18846.feature
+++ b/changelog.d/18846.feature
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Update push rules for experimental [MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/4306) to follow newer draft.
--- a/changelog.d/18874.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/18874.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Use the `Enum`'s value for the dictionary key when responding to an admin request for experimental features.
--- a/changelog.d/18875.bugfix
+++ b/changelog.d/18875.bugfix
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Fix prefixed support for MSC4133.
--- a/changelog.d/18878.docker
+++ b/changelog.d/18878.docker
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Suppress "Applying schema" log noise bulk when `SYNAPSE_LOG_TESTING` is set.
--- a/changelog.d/18886.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/18886.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Start background tasks after we fork the process (daemonize).
--- a/changelog.d/18900.misc
+++ b/changelog.d/18900.misc
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Better explain how we manage the logcontext in `run_in_background(...)` and `run_as_background_process(...)`.
--- a/debian/changelog
+++ b/debian/changelog
@@ -1,8 +1,76 @@
-matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.0) stable; urgency=medium
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.140.0) stable; urgency=medium

-  * New Synapse release 1.138.0.
+  * New Synapse release 1.140.0.

- -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 09 Sep 2025 11:21:25 +0100
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 14 Oct 2025 15:22:36 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.140.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.140.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Fri, 10 Oct 2025 10:56:51 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 07 Oct 2025 16:29:47 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 07 Oct 2025 11:46:51 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.4) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.138.4.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 07 Oct 2025 16:28:38 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.3) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.138.3.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 07 Oct 2025 12:54:18 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.0) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.0.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 30 Sep 2025 11:58:55 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.0~rc3) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.0rc3.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Thu, 25 Sep 2025 12:13:23 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * The licensing specifier has been updated to add an optional
+    `LicenseRef-Element-Commercial` license. The code was already licensed in
+    this manner - the debian metadata was just not updated to reflect it.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Thu, 25 Sep 2025 12:17:17 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.138.1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Wed, 24 Sep 2025 11:32:38 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.0~rc2) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.0rc2.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 23 Sep 2025 15:31:42 +0100
+
+matrix-synapse-py3 (1.139.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium
+
+  * New Synapse release 1.139.0rc1.
+
+ -- Synapse Packaging team <packages@matrix.org>  Tue, 23 Sep 2025 13:24:50 +0100

 matrix-synapse-py3 (1.138.0~rc1) stable; urgency=medium

--- a/debian/copyright
+++ b/debian/copyright
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ License: Apache-2.0

 Files: *
 Copyright: 2023 New Vector Ltd
-License: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+License: AGPL-3.0-or-later or LicenseRef-Element-Commercial

 Files: synapse/config/saml2.py
 Copyright: 2015, Ericsson
--- a/docker/Dockerfile
+++ b/docker/Dockerfile
@@ -171,10 +171,10 @@ FROM docker.io/library/python:${PYTHON_VERSION}-slim-${DEBIAN_VERSION}

 ARG TARGETARCH

-LABEL org.opencontainers.image.url='https://matrix.org/docs/projects/server/synapse'
-LABEL org.opencontainers.image.documentation='https://github.com/element-hq/synapse/blob/master/docker/README.md'
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.url='https://github.com/element-hq/synapse'
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.documentation='https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/'
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source='https://github.com/element-hq/synapse.git'
-LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses='AGPL-3.0-or-later'
+LABEL org.opencontainers.image.licenses='AGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial'

 # On the runtime image, /lib is a symlink to /usr/lib, so we need to copy the
 # libraries to the right place, else the `COPY` won't work.
--- a/docs/SUMMARY.md
+++ b/docs/SUMMARY.md
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
    - [Admin API](usage/administration/admin_api/README.md)
      - [Account Validity](admin_api/account_validity.md)
      - [Background Updates](usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.md)
+      - [Fetch Event](admin_api/fetch_event.md)
      - [Event Reports](admin_api/event_reports.md)
      - [Experimental Features](admin_api/experimental_features.md)
      - [Media](admin_api/media_admin_api.md)
--- a/docs/admin_api/fetch_event.md
+++ b/docs/admin_api/fetch_event.md
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Fetch Event API
+
+The fetch event API allows admins to fetch an event regardless of their membership in the room it
+originated in.
+
+To use it, you will need to authenticate by providing an `access_token`
+for a server admin: see [Admin API](../usage/administration/admin_api/).
+
+Request:
+```http
+GET /_synapse/admin/v1/fetch_event/<event_id>
+```
+
+The API returns a JSON body like the following:
+
+Response:
+```json
+{
+    "event": {
+        "auth_events": [
+            "$WhLChbYg6atHuFRP7cUd95naUtc8L0f7fqeizlsUVvc",
+            "$9Wj8dt02lrNEWweeq-KjRABUYKba0K9DL2liRvsAdtQ",
+            "$qJxBFxBt8_ODd9b3pgOL_jXP98S_igc1_kizuPSZFi4"
+        ],
+        "content": {
+            "body": "Hey now",
+            "msgtype": "m.text"
+        },
+        "depth": 6,
+        "event_id": "$hJ_kcXbVMcI82JDrbqfUJIHu61tJD86uIFJ_8hNHi7s",
+        "hashes": {
+            "sha256": "LiNw8DtrRVf55EgAH8R42Wz7WCJUqGsPt2We6qZO5Rg"
+        },
+        "origin_server_ts": 799,
+        "prev_events": [
+            "$cnSUrNMnC3Ywh9_W7EquFxYQjC_sT3BAAVzcUVxZq1g"
+        ],
+        "room_id": "!aIhKToCqgPTBloWMpf:test",
+        "sender": "@user:test",
+        "signatures": {
+            "test": {
+                "ed25519:a_lPym": "7mqSDwK1k7rnw34Dd8Fahu0rhPW7jPmcWPRtRDoEN9Yuv+BCM2+Rfdpv2MjxNKy3AYDEBwUwYEuaKMBaEMiKAQ"
+            }
+        },
+        "type": "m.room.message",
+        "unsigned": {
+            "age_ts": 799
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+
--- a/docs/admin_api/media_admin_api.md
+++ b/docs/admin_api/media_admin_api.md
@@ -39,6 +39,40 @@ the use of the
 [List media uploaded by a user](user_admin_api.md#list-media-uploaded-by-a-user)
 Admin API.

+## Query a piece of media by ID
+
+This API returns information about a piece of local or cached remote media given the origin server name and media id. If
+information is requested for remote media which is not cached the endpoint will return 404. 
+
+Request:
+```http
+GET /_synapse/admin/v1/media/<origin>/<media_id>
+```
+
+The API returns a JSON body with media info like the following:
+
+Response:
+```json
+{
+  "media_info": {
+    "media_origin": "remote.com",
+    "user_id": null,
+    "media_id": "sdginwegWEG",
+    "media_type": "img/png",
+    "media_length": 67,
+    "upload_name":  "test.png",
+    "created_ts":  300,
+    "filesystem_id":  "wgeweg",
+    "url_cache": null,
+    "last_access_ts": 400,
+    "quarantined_by":  null,
+    "authenticated":  false,
+    "safe_from_quarantine": null,
+    "sha256": "ebf4f635a17d10d6eb46ba680b70142419aa3220f228001a036d311a22ee9d2a"
+  }
+}
+```
+
 # Quarantine media

 Quarantining media means that it is marked as inaccessible by users. It applies
--- a/docs/deprecation_policy.md
+++ b/docs/deprecation_policy.md
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-Deprecation Policy for Platform Dependencies
-============================================
+# Deprecation Policy

-Synapse has a number of platform dependencies, including Python, Rust, 
-PostgreSQL and SQLite. This document outlines the policy towards which versions 
-we support, and when we drop support for versions in the future.
+Synapse has a number of **platform dependencies** (Python, Rust, PostgreSQL, and SQLite)
+and **application dependencies** (Python and Rust packages). This document outlines the
+policy towards which versions we support, and when we drop support for versions in the
+future.

-
-Policy
------
+## Platform Dependencies

 Synapse follows the upstream support life cycles for Python and PostgreSQL,
 i.e. when a version reaches End of Life Synapse will withdraw support for that
@@ -26,8 +24,8 @@ The oldest supported version of SQLite is the version
 [provided](https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/libsqlite3-0) by
 [Debian oldstable](https://wiki.debian.org/DebianOldStable).

-Context
-------
+
+### Context

 It is important for system admins to have a clear understanding of the platform
 requirements of Synapse and its deprecation policies so that they can
@@ -50,4 +48,42 @@ the ecosystem.
 On a similar note, SQLite does not generally have a concept of "supported 
 release"; bugfixes are published for the latest minor release only. We chose to
 track Debian's oldstable as this is relatively conservative, predictably updated
-and is consistent with the `.deb` packages released by Matrix.org.
+and is consistent with the `.deb` packages released by Matrix.org.
+
+
+## Application dependencies
+
+For application-level Python dependencies, we often specify loose version constraints
+(ex. `>=X.Y.Z`) to be forwards compatible with any new versions. Upper bounds (`<A.B.C`)
+are only added when necessary to prevent known incompatibilities.
+
+When selecting a minimum version, while we are mindful of the impact on downstream
+package maintainers, our primary focus is on the maintainability and progress of Synapse
+itself.
+
+For developers, a Python dependency version can be considered a "no-brainer" upgrade once it is
+available in both the latest [Debian Stable](https://packages.debian.org/stable/) and
+[Ubuntu LTS](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu) repositories. No need to burden yourself with
+extra scrutiny or consideration at this point.
+
+We aggressively update Rust dependencies. Since these are statically linked and managed
+entirely by `cargo` during build, they *can* pose no ongoing maintenance burden on others.
+This allows us to freely upgrade to leverage the latest ecosystem advancements assuming
+they don't have their own system-level dependencies.
+
+
+### Context
+
+Because Python dependencies can easily be managed in a virtual environment, we are less
+concerned about the criteria for selecting minimum versions. The only thing of concern
+is making sure we're not making it unnecessarily difficult for downstream package
+maintainers. Generally, this just means avoiding the bleeding edge for a few months.
+
+The situation for Rust dependencies is fundamentally different. For packagers, the
+concerns around Python dependency versions do not apply. The `cargo` tool handles
+downloading and building all libraries to satisfy dependencies, and these libraries are
+statically linked into the final binary. This means that from a packager's perspective,
+the Rust dependency versions are an internal build detail, not a runtime dependency to
+be managed on the target system. Consequently, we have even greater flexibility to
+upgrade Rust dependencies as needed for the project. Some distros (e.g. Fedora) do
+package Rust libraries, but this appears to be the outlier rather than the norm.
--- a/docs/log_contexts.md
+++ b/docs/log_contexts.md
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@ cares about.
 The following sections describe pitfalls and helpful patterns when
 implementing these rules.

-Always await your awaitables
----------------------------
+## Always await your awaitables

 Whenever you get an awaitable back from a function, you should `await` on
 it as soon as possible. Do not pass go; do not do any logging; do not
@@ -203,6 +202,171 @@ async def sleep(seconds):
    return await context.make_deferred_yieldable(get_sleep_deferred(seconds))
 ```

+## Deferred callbacks
+
+When a deferred callback is called, it inherits the current logcontext. The deferred
+callback chain can resume a coroutine, which if following our logcontext rules, will
+restore its own logcontext, then run:
+
+ - until it yields control back to the reactor, setting the sentinel logcontext
+ - or until it finishes, restoring the logcontext it was started with (calling context)
+
+This behavior creates two specific issues:
+
+**Issue 1:** The first issue is that the callback may have reset the logcontext to the
+sentinel before returning. This means our calling function will continue with the
+sentinel logcontext instead of the logcontext it was started with (bad).
+
+**Issue 2:** The second issue is that the current logcontext that called the deferred
+callback could finish before the callback finishes (bad).
+
+In the following example, the deferred callback is called with the "main" logcontext and
+runs until we yield control back to the reactor in the `await` inside `clock.sleep(0)`.
+Since `clock.sleep(0)` follows our logcontext rules, it sets the logcontext to the
+sentinel before yielding control back to the reactor. Our `main` function continues with
+the sentinel logcontext (first bad thing) instead of the "main" logcontext. Then the
+`with LoggingContext("main")` block exits, finishing the "main" logcontext and yielding
+control back to the reactor again. Finally, later on when `clock.sleep(0)` completes,
+our `with LoggingContext("competing")` block exits, and restores the previous "main"
+logcontext which has already finished, resulting in `WARNING: Re-starting finished log
+context main` and leaking the `main` logcontext into the reactor which will then
+erronously be associated with the next task the reactor picks up.
+
+```python
+async def competing_callback():
+    # Since this is run with the "main" logcontext, when the "competing"
+    # logcontext exits, it will restore the previous "main" logcontext which has
+    # already finished and results in "WARNING: Re-starting finished log context main"
+    # and leaking the `main` logcontext into the reactor.
+    with LoggingContext("competing"):
+        await clock.sleep(0)
+
+def main():
+    with LoggingContext("main"):
+        d = defer.Deferred()
+        d.addCallback(lambda _: defer.ensureDeferred(competing_callback()))
+        # Call the callback within the "main" logcontext.
+        d.callback(None)
+        # Bad: This will be logged against sentinel logcontext
+        logger.debug("ugh")
+
+main()
+```
+
+**Solution 1:** We could of course fix this by following the general rule of "always
+await your awaitables":
+
+```python
+async def main():
+    with LoggingContext("main"):
+        d = defer.Deferred()
+        d.addCallback(lambda _: defer.ensureDeferred(competing_callback()))
+        d.callback(None)
+        # Wait for `d` to finish before continuing so the "main" logcontext is
+        # still active. This works because `d` already follows our logcontext
+        # rules. If not, we would also have to use `make_deferred_yieldable(d)`.
+        await d
+        # Good: This will be logged against the "main" logcontext
+        logger.debug("phew")
+``` 
+
+**Solution 2:** We could also fix this by surrounding the call to `d.callback` with a
+`PreserveLoggingContext`, which will reset the logcontext to the sentinel before calling
+the callback, and restore the "main" logcontext afterwards before continuing the `main`
+function. This solves the problem because when the "competing" logcontext exits, it will
+restore the sentinel logcontext which is never finished by its nature, so there is no
+warning and no leakage into the reactor.
+
+```python
+async def main():
+    with LoggingContext("main"):
+        d = defer.Deferred()
+        d.addCallback(lambda _: defer.ensureDeferred(competing_callback()))
+        d.callback(None)
+        with PreserveLoggingContext():
+            # Call the callback with the sentinel logcontext.
+            d.callback(None)
+        # Good: This will be logged against the "main" logcontext
+        logger.debug("phew")
+```
+
+**Solution 3:** But let's say you *do* want to run (fire-and-forget) the deferred
+callback in the current context without running into issues:
+
+We can solve the first issue by using `run_in_background(...)` to run the callback in
+the current logcontext and it handles the magic behind the scenes of a) restoring the
+calling logcontext before returning to the caller and b) resetting the logcontext to the
+sentinel after the deferred completes and we yield control back to the reactor to avoid
+leaking the logcontext into the reactor.
+
+To solve the second issue, we can extend the lifetime of the "main" logcontext by
+avoiding the `LoggingContext`'s context manager lifetime methods
+(`__enter__`/`__exit__`). We can still set "main" as the current logcontext by using
+`PreserveLoggingContext` and passing in the "main" logcontext.
+
+
+```python
+async def main():
+    main_context = LoggingContext("main")
+    with PreserveLoggingContext(main_context):
+        d = defer.Deferred()
+        d.addCallback(lambda _: defer.ensureDeferred(competing_callback()))
+        # The whole lambda will be run in the "main" logcontext. But we're using
+        # a trick to return the deferred `d` itself so that `run_in_background`
+        # will wait on that to complete and reset the logcontext to the sentinel
+        # when it does to avoid leaking the "main" logcontext into the reactor.
+        run_in_background(lambda: (d.callback(None), d)[1])
+        # Good: This will be logged against the "main" logcontext
+        logger.debug("phew")
+
+...
+
+# Wherever possible, it's best to finish the logcontext by calling `__exit__` at some
+# point. This allows us to catch bugs if we later try to erroneously restart a finished
+# logcontext.
+#
+# Since the "main" logcontext stores the `LoggingContext.previous_context` when it is
+# created, we can wrap this call in `PreserveLoggingContext()` to restore the correct
+# previous logcontext. Our goal is to have the calling context remain unchanged after
+# finishing the "main" logcontext.
+with PreserveLoggingContext():
+    # Finish the "main" logcontext
+    with main_context:
+        # Empty block - We're just trying to call `__exit__` on the "main" context
+        # manager to finish it. We can't call `__exit__` directly as the code expects us
+        # to `__enter__` before calling `__exit__` to `start`/`stop` things
+        # appropriately. And in any case, it's probably best not to call the internal
+        # methods directly.
+        pass
+```
+
+The same thing applies if you have some deferreds stored somewhere which you want to
+callback in the current logcontext.
+
+
+### Deferred errbacks and cancellations
+
+The same care should be taken when calling errbacks on deferreds. An errback and
+callback act the same in this regard (see section above).
+
+```python
+d = defer.Deferred()
+d.addErrback(some_other_function)
+d.errback(failure)
+```
+
+Additionally, cancellation is the same as directly calling the errback with a
+`twisted.internet.defer.CancelledError`:
+
+```python
+d = defer.Deferred()
+d.addErrback(some_other_function)
+d.cancel()
+```
+
+
+
+
 ## Fire-and-forget

 Sometimes you want to fire off a chain of execution, but not wait for
@@ -384,3 +548,19 @@ chain are dropped. Dropping the the reference to an awaitable you're
 supposed to be awaiting is bad practice, so this doesn't
 actually happen too much. Unfortunately, when it does happen, it will
 lead to leaked logcontexts which are incredibly hard to track down.
+
+
+## Debugging logcontext issues
+
+Debugging logcontext issues can be tricky as leaking or losing a logcontext will surface
+downstream and can point to an unrelated part of the codebase. It's best to enable debug
+logging for `synapse.logging.context.debug` (needs to be explicitly configured) and go
+backwards in the logs from the point where the issue is observed to find the root cause.
+
+`log.config.yaml`
+```yaml
+loggers:
+    # Unlike other loggers, this one needs to be explicitly configured to see debug logs.
+    synapse.logging.context.debug:
+        level: DEBUG
+```
--- a/docs/modules/media_repository_callbacks.md
+++ b/docs/modules/media_repository_callbacks.md
@@ -64,3 +64,68 @@ If multiple modules implement this callback, they will be considered in order. I
 returns `True`, Synapse falls through to the next one. The value of the first callback that
 returns `False` will be used. If this happens, Synapse will not call any of the subsequent
 implementations of this callback.
+
+### `get_media_upload_limits_for_user`
+
+_First introduced in Synapse v1.139.0_
+
+```python
+async def get_media_upload_limits_for_user(user_id: str, size: int) -> Optional[List[synapse.module_api.MediaUploadLimit]]
+```
+
+**<span style="color:red">
+Caution: This callback is currently experimental. The method signature or behaviour
+may change without notice.
+</span>**
+
+Called when processing a request to store content in the media repository. This can be used to dynamically override
+the [media upload limits configuration](../usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#media_upload_limits).
+
+The arguments passed to this callback are:
+
+* `user_id`: The Matrix user ID of the user (e.g. `@alice:example.com`) making the request.
+
+If the callback returns a list then it will be used as the limits instead of those in the configuration (if any).
+
+If an empty list is returned then no limits are applied (**warning:** users will be able
+to upload as much data as they desire).
+
+If multiple modules implement this callback, they will be considered in order. If a
+callback returns `None`, Synapse falls through to the next one. The value of the first
+callback that does not return `None` will be used. If this happens, Synapse will not call
+any of the subsequent implementations of this callback.
+
+If there are no registered modules, or if all modules return `None`, then
+the default
+[media upload limits configuration](../usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#media_upload_limits)
+will be used.
+
+### `on_media_upload_limit_exceeded`
+
+_First introduced in Synapse v1.139.0_
+
+```python
+async def on_media_upload_limit_exceeded(user_id: str, limit: synapse.module_api.MediaUploadLimit, sent_bytes: int, attempted_bytes: int) -> None
+```
+
+**<span style="color:red">
+Caution: This callback is currently experimental. The method signature or behaviour
+may change without notice.
+</span>**
+
+Called when a user attempts to upload media that would exceed a
+[configured media upload limit](../usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#media_upload_limits).
+
+This callback will only be called on workers which handle
+[POST /_matrix/media/v3/upload](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.15/client-server-api/#post_matrixmediav3upload)
+requests.
+
+This could be used to inform the user that they have reached a media upload limit through
+some external method.
+
+The arguments passed to this callback are:
+
+* `user_id`: The Matrix user ID of the user (e.g. `@alice:example.com`) making the request.
+* `limit`: The `synapse.module_api.MediaUploadLimit` representing the limit that was reached.
+* `sent_bytes`: The number of bytes already sent during the period of the limit.
+* `attempted_bytes`: The number of bytes that the user attempted to send.
--- a/docs/modules/spam_checker_callbacks.md
+++ b/docs/modules/spam_checker_callbacks.md
@@ -195,12 +195,15 @@ _Changed in Synapse v1.132.0: Added the `room_config` argument. Callbacks that o
 async def user_may_create_room(user_id: str, room_config: synapse.module_api.JsonDict) -> Union["synapse.module_api.NOT_SPAM", "synapse.module_api.errors.Codes", bool]
 ```

-Called when processing a room creation request.
+Called when processing a room creation or room upgrade request.

 The arguments passed to this callback are:

 * `user_id`: The Matrix user ID of the user (e.g. `@alice:example.com`).
-* `room_config`: The contents of the body of a [/createRoom request](https://spec.matrix.org/latest/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3createroom) as a dictionary.
+* `room_config`: The contents of the body of the [`/createRoom` request](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.15/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3createroom) as a dictionary.
+  For a [room upgrade request](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.15/client-server-api/#post_matrixclientv3roomsroomidupgrade) it is a synthesised subset of what an equivalent
+  `/createRoom` request would have looked like. Specifically, it contains the `creation_content` (linking to the previous room) and `initial_state` (containing a
+  subset of the state of the previous room).

 The callback must return one of:
  - `synapse.module_api.NOT_SPAM`, to allow the operation. Other callbacks may still 
--- a/docs/openid.md
+++ b/docs/openid.md
@@ -186,6 +186,7 @@ oidc_providers:
 4. Note the slug of your application, Client ID and Client Secret.

 Note: RSA keys must be used for signing for Authentik, ECC keys do not work.
+Note: The provider must have a signing key set and must not use an encryption key.

 Synapse config:
 ```yaml
@@ -204,6 +205,12 @@ oidc_providers:
      config:
        localpart_template: "{{ user.preferred_username }}"
        display_name_template: "{{ user.preferred_username|capitalize }}" # TO BE FILLED: If your users have names in Authentik and you want those in Synapse, this should be replaced with user.name|capitalize.
+[...]
+jwt_config:
+    enabled: true
+    secret: "your client secret" # TO BE FILLED (same as `client_secret` above)
+    algorithm: "RS256"
+    # (...other fields)
 ```

 ### Dex
--- a/docs/upgrade.md
+++ b/docs/upgrade.md
@@ -117,6 +117,43 @@ each upgrade are complete before moving on to the next upgrade, to avoid
 stacking them up. You can monitor the currently running background updates with
 [the Admin API](usage/administration/admin_api/background_updates.html#status).

+# Upgrading to v1.140.0
+
+## Users of `synapse-s3-storage-provider` must update the module to `v1.6.0`
+
+Deployments that make use of the
+[synapse-s3-storage-provider](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider/)
+module must update it to
+[v1.6.0](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider/releases/tag/v1.6.0),
+otherwise users will be unable to upload or download media.
+
+# Upgrading to v1.139.0
+
+## `/register` requests from old application service implementations may break when using MAS
+
+Application Services that do not set `inhibit_login=true` when calling `POST
+/_matrix/client/v3/register` will receive the error
+`IO.ELEMENT.MSC4190.M_APPSERVICE_LOGIN_UNSUPPORTED` in response. This is a
+result of [MSC4190: Device management for application
+services](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/4190) which
+adds new endpoints for application services to create encryption-ready devices
+with other than `/login` or `/register` without `inhibit_login=true`.
+
+If an application service you use starts to fail with the mentioned error,
+ensure it is up to date. If it is, then kindly let the author know that they
+need to update their implementation to call `/register` with
+`inhibit_login=true`.
+
+# Upgrading to v1.138.2
+
+## Drop support for Ubuntu 24.10 Oracular Oriole, and add support for Ubuntu 25.04 Plucky Puffin
+
+Ubuntu 24.10 Oracular Oriole [has been end-of-life since 10 Jul
+2025](https://endoflife.date/ubuntu). This release drops support for Ubuntu
+24.10, and in its place adds support for Ubuntu 25.04 Plucky Puffin.
+
+This notice also applies to the v1.139.0 release.
+
 # Upgrading to v1.136.0

 ## Deprecate `run_as_background_process` exported as part of the module API interface in favor of `ModuleApi.run_as_background_process`
--- a/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
+++ b/docs/usage/configuration/config_documentation.md
@@ -2006,9 +2006,8 @@ This setting has the following sub-options:
 Default configuration:
 ```yaml
 rc_reports:
-  per_user:
-    per_second: 1.0
-    burst_count: 5.0
+  per_second: 1.0
+  burst_count: 5.0
 ```

 Example configuration:
@@ -2031,9 +2030,8 @@ This setting has the following sub-options:
 Default configuration:
 ```yaml
 rc_room_creation:
-  per_user:
-    per_second: 0.016
-    burst_count: 10.0
+  per_second: 0.016
+  burst_count: 10.0
 ```

 Example configuration:
@@ -2168,9 +2166,12 @@ max_upload_size: 60M
 ### `media_upload_limits`

 *(array)* A list of media upload limits defining how much data a given user can upload in a given time period.
+These limits are applied in addition to the `max_upload_size` limit above (which applies to individual uploads).

 An empty list means no limits are applied.

+These settings can be overridden using the `get_media_upload_limits_for_user` module API [callback](../../modules/media_repository_callbacks.md#get_media_upload_limits_for_user).
+
 Defaults to `[]`.

 Example configuration:
@@ -2572,6 +2573,28 @@ Example configuration:
 turn_allow_guests: false
 ```
 ---
+### `matrix_rtc`
+
+*(object)* Options related to MatrixRTC. Defaults to `{}`.
+
+This setting has the following sub-options:
+
+* `transports` (array): A list of transport types and arguments to use for MatrixRTC connections. Defaults to `[]`.
+
+  Options for each entry include:
+
+  * `type` (string): The type of transport to use to connect to the selective forwarding unit (SFU).
+
+  * `livekit_service_url` (string): The base URL of the LiveKit service. Should only be used with LiveKit-based transports.
+
+Example configuration:
+```yaml
+matrix_rtc:
+  transports:
+  - type: livekit
+    livekit_service_url: https://matrix-rtc.example.com/livekit/jwt
+```
+---
 ## Registration

 Registration can be rate-limited using the parameters in the [Ratelimiting](#ratelimiting) section of this manual.
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 2.1.1 and should not be changed by hand.
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 2.2.0 and should not be changed by hand.

 [[package]]
 name = "annotated-types"
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ tests-mypy = ["mypy (>=1.11.1) ; platform_python_implementation == \"CPython\" a

 [[package]]
 name = "authlib"
-version = "1.6.1"
+version = "1.6.5"
 description = "The ultimate Python library in building OAuth and OpenID Connect servers and clients."
 optional = true
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 markers = "extra == \"all\" or extra == \"jwt\" or extra == \"oidc\""
 files = [
-    {file = "authlib-1.6.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e9d2031c34c6309373ab845afc24168fe9e93dc52d252631f52642f21f5ed06e"},
-    {file = "authlib-1.6.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4dffdbb1460ba6ec8c17981a4c67af7d8af131231b5a36a88a1e8c80c111cdfd"},
+    {file = "authlib-1.6.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:3e0e0507807f842b02175507bdee8957a1d5707fd4afb17c32fb43fee90b6e3a"},
+    {file = "authlib-1.6.5.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6aaf9c79b7cc96c900f0b284061691c5d4e61221640a948fe690b556a6d6d10b"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -68,63 +68,75 @@ visualize = ["Twisted (>=16.1.1)", "graphviz (>0.5.1)"]

 [[package]]
 name = "bcrypt"
-version = "4.3.0"
+version = "5.0.0"
 description = "Modern password hashing for your software and your servers"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
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 [package.extras]
@@ -997,107 +1009,153 @@ pyasn1 = ">=0.4.6"

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+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:e748d4cf8fef2526bb2a589a417eba0c8674e29ffcb570ce2ceca44f1e567bf6"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:4ddb1049fa0579d0cbd00503ad8c58b9ab34d1254c77bc6a5576d96ec7853dba"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:cb233f9c95f83707dae461b12b720c1af9c28c2d19208e1be03387222151daf5"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-manylinux_2_26_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:bc456d04db0515ce3320d714a1eac7a97774ff0849e7718b492d957da4631dd4"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-manylinux_2_26_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:2613e67de13d619fd283d58bda40bff0ee07739f624ffee8b13b631abf33083d"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp310-pypy310_pp73-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:24a8e756c982c001ca8d59e87c80c4d9dcd4d9b44a4cbeb8d9be4482c514d41d"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-macosx_10_15_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:1c06035eafa8404b5cf475bb37a9f6088b0aca288d4ccc9d69389750d5543700"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:c7d13103045de1bdd6fe5d61802565f1a3537d70cd3abf596aa0af62761921ee"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:0a3c150a95fbe5ac91de323aa756219ef9cf7fde5a3f00e2281e30f33fa5fa4f"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-manylinux_2_26_aarch64.manylinux_2_28_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:60fa43be34f78bebb27812ed90f1925ec99560b0fa1decdb7d12b84d857d31e9"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-manylinux_2_26_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:21c73b476d3cfe836be731225ec3421fa2f048d84f6df6a8e70433dff1376d5a"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2-pp311-pypy311_pp73-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:27220da5be049e936c3aca06f174e8827ca6445a4353a1995584311487fc4e3e"},
+    {file = "lxml-6.0.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:cd79f3367bd74b317dda655dc8fcfa304d9eb6e4fb06b7168c5cf27f96e0cd62"},
 ]

 [package.extras]
@@ -1531,14 +1589,14 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "phonenumbers"
-version = "9.0.13"
+version = "9.0.15"
 description = "Python version of Google's common library for parsing, formatting, storing and validating international phone numbers."
 optional = false
 python-versions = "*"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "phonenumbers-9.0.13-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:b97661e177773e7509c6d503e0f537cd0af22aa3746231654590876eb9430915"},
-    {file = "phonenumbers-9.0.13.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:eca06e01382412c45316868f86a44bb217c02f9ee7196589041556a2f54a7639"},
+    {file = "phonenumbers-9.0.15-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:269b73bc05258e8fd57582770b9559307099ea677c8f1dc5272476f661344776"},
+    {file = "phonenumbers-9.0.15.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:345ff7f23768332d866f37732f815cdf1d33c7f0961246562a5c5b78c12c3ff3"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -1668,14 +1726,14 @@ xmp = ["defusedxml"]

 [[package]]
 name = "prometheus-client"
-version = "0.22.1"
+version = "0.23.1"
 description = "Python client for the Prometheus monitoring system."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "prometheus_client-0.22.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:cca895342e308174341b2cbf99a56bef291fbc0ef7b9e5412a0f26d653ba7094"},
-    {file = "prometheus_client-0.22.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:190f1331e783cf21eb60bca559354e0a4d4378facecf78f5428c39b675d20d28"},
+    {file = "prometheus_client-0.23.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:dd1913e6e76b59cfe44e7a4b83e01afc9873c1bdfd2ed8739f1e76aeca115f99"},
+    {file = "prometheus_client-0.23.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6ae8f9081eaaaf153a2e959d2e6c4f4fb57b12ef76c8c7980202f1e57b48b2ce"},
 ]

 [package.extras]
@@ -1774,14 +1832,14 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "pydantic"
-version = "2.11.7"
+version = "2.11.10"
 description = "Data validation using Python type hints"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "pydantic-2.11.7-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:dde5df002701f6de26248661f6835bbe296a47bf73990135c7d07ce741b9623b"},
-    {file = "pydantic-2.11.7.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d989c3c6cb79469287b1569f7447a17848c998458d49ebe294e975b9baf0f0db"},
+    {file = "pydantic-2.11.10-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:802a655709d49bd004c31e865ef37da30b540786a46bfce02333e0e24b5fe29a"},
+    {file = "pydantic-2.11.10.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:dc280f0982fbda6c38fada4e476dc0a4f3aeaf9c6ad4c28df68a666ec3c61423"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1908,14 +1966,14 @@ typing-extensions = ">=4.6.0,<4.7.0 || >4.7.0"

 [[package]]
 name = "pygithub"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.8.1"
 description = "Use the full Github API v3"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "pygithub-2.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:40ecbfe26dc55cc34ab4b0ffa1d455e6f816ef9a2bc8d6f5ad18ce572f163700"},
-    {file = "pygithub-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7cd6eafabb09b5369afba3586d86b1f1ad6f1326d2ff01bc47bb26615dce4cbb"},
+    {file = "pygithub-2.8.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:23a0a5bca93baef082e03411bf0ce27204c32be8bfa7abc92fe4a3e132936df0"},
+    {file = "pygithub-2.8.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:341b7c78521cb07324ff670afd1baa2bf5c286f8d9fd302c1798ba594a5400c9"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2562,14 +2620,14 @@ type = ["importlib_metadata (>=7.0.2) ; python_version < \"3.10\"", "jaraco.deve

 [[package]]
 name = "setuptools-rust"
-version = "1.11.1"
+version = "1.12.0"
 description = "Setuptools Rust extension plugin"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main"]
 files = [
-    {file = "setuptools_rust-1.11.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:5eaaddaed268dc24a527ffa659ce56b22d3cf17b781247b779efd611031fe8ea"},
-    {file = "setuptools_rust-1.11.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7dabc4392252ced314b8050d63276e05fdc5d32398fc7d3cce1f6a6ac35b76c0"},
+    {file = "setuptools_rust-1.12.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7e7db90547f224a835b45f5ad90c983340828a345554a9a660bdb2de8605dcdd"},
+    {file = "setuptools_rust-1.12.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d94a93f0c97751c17014565f07bdc324bee45d396cd1bba83d8e7af92b945f0c"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2794,20 +2852,20 @@ docs = ["sphinx", "sphinx-rtd-theme"]

 [[package]]
 name = "twine"
-version = "6.1.0"
+version = "6.2.0"
 description = "Collection of utilities for publishing packages on PyPI"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.8"
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "twine-6.1.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a47f973caf122930bf0fbbf17f80b83bc1602c9ce393c7845f289a3001dc5384"},
-    {file = "twine-6.1.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:be324f6272eff91d07ee93f251edf232fc647935dd585ac003539b42404a8dbd"},
+    {file = "twine-6.2.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:418ebf08ccda9a8caaebe414433b0ba5e25eb5e4a927667122fbe8f829f985d8"},
+    {file = "twine-6.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e5ed0d2fd70c9959770dce51c8f39c8945c574e18173a7b81802dab51b4b75cf"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
 id = "*"
 importlib-metadata = {version = ">=3.6", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""}
-keyring = {version = ">=15.1", markers = "platform_machine != \"ppc64le\" and platform_machine != \"s390x\""}
+keyring = {version = ">=21.2.0", markers = "platform_machine != \"ppc64le\" and platform_machine != \"s390x\""}
 packaging = ">=24.0"
 readme-renderer = ">=35.0"
 requests = ">=2.20"
@@ -2817,7 +2875,7 @@ rich = ">=12.0.0"
 urllib3 = ">=1.26.0"

 [package.extras]
-keyring = ["keyring (>=15.1)"]
+keyring = ["keyring (>=21.2.0)"]

 [[package]]
 name = "twisted"
@@ -2971,14 +3029,14 @@ files = [

 [[package]]
 name = "types-psycopg2"
-version = "2.9.21.20250809"
+version = "2.9.21.20250915"
 description = "Typing stubs for psycopg2"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "types_psycopg2-2.9.21.20250809-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:59b7b0ed56dcae9efae62b8373497274fc1a0484bdc5135cdacbe5a8f44e1d7b"},
-    {file = "types_psycopg2-2.9.21.20250809.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b7c2cbdcf7c0bd16240f59ba694347329b0463e43398de69784ea4dee45f3c6d"},
+    {file = "types_psycopg2-2.9.21.20250915-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:eefe5ccdc693fc086146e84c9ba437bb278efe1ef330b299a0cb71169dc6c55f"},
+    {file = "types_psycopg2-2.9.21.20250915.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bfeb8f54c32490e7b5edc46215ab4163693192bc90407b4a023822de9239f5c8"},
 ]

 [[package]]
@@ -2999,26 +3057,26 @@ types-cffi = "*"

 [[package]]
 name = "types-pyyaml"
-version = "6.0.12.20250809"
+version = "6.0.12.20250915"
 description = "Typing stubs for PyYAML"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "types_pyyaml-6.0.12.20250809-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:032b6003b798e7de1a1ddfeefee32fac6486bdfe4845e0ae0e7fb3ee4512b52f"},
-    {file = "types_pyyaml-6.0.12.20250809.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:af4a1aca028f18e75297da2ee0da465f799627370d74073e96fee876524f61b5"},
+    {file = "types_pyyaml-6.0.12.20250915-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e7d4d9e064e89a3b3cae120b4990cd370874d2bf12fa5f46c97018dd5d3c9ab6"},
+    {file = "types_pyyaml-6.0.12.20250915.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0f8b54a528c303f0e6f7165687dd33fafa81c807fcac23f632b63aa624ced1d3"},
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "types-requests"
-version = "2.32.4.20250809"
+version = "2.32.4.20250913"
 description = "Typing stubs for requests"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "types_requests-2.32.4.20250809-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f73d1832fb519ece02c85b1f09d5f0dd3108938e7d47e7f94bbfa18a6782b163"},
-    {file = "types_requests-2.32.4.20250809.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d8060de1c8ee599311f56ff58010fb4902f462a1470802cf9f6ed27bc46c4df3"},
+    {file = "types_requests-2.32.4.20250913-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:78c9c1fffebbe0fa487a418e0fa5252017e9c60d1a2da394077f1780f655d7e1"},
+    {file = "types_requests-2.32.4.20250913.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:abd6d4f9ce3a9383f269775a9835a4c24e5cd6b9f647d64f88aa4613c33def5d"},
 ]

 [package.dependencies]
@@ -3026,26 +3084,26 @@ urllib3 = ">=2"

 [[package]]
 name = "types-setuptools"
-version = "80.9.0.20250809"
+version = "80.9.0.20250822"
 description = "Typing stubs for setuptools"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "types_setuptools-80.9.0.20250809-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:7c6539b4c7ac7b4ab4db2be66d8a58fb1e28affa3ee3834be48acafd94f5976a"},
-    {file = "types_setuptools-80.9.0.20250809.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e986ba37ffde364073d76189e1d79d9928fb6f5278c7d07589cde353d0218864"},
+    {file = "types_setuptools-80.9.0.20250822-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:53bf881cb9d7e46ed12c76ef76c0aaf28cfe6211d3fab12e0b83620b1a8642c3"},
+    {file = "types_setuptools-80.9.0.20250822.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:070ea7716968ec67a84c7f7768d9952ff24d28b65b6594797a464f1b3066f965"},
 ]

 [[package]]
 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.14.1"
+version = "4.15.0"
 description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.9+"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
 groups = ["main", "dev"]
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.14.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:d1e1e3b58374dc93031d6eda2420a48ea44a36c2b4766a4fdeb3710755731d76"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.14.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:38b39f4aeeab64884ce9f74c94263ef78f3c22467c8724005483154c26648d36"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.15.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f0fa19c6845758ab08074a0cfa8b7aecb71c999ca73d62883bc25cc018c4e548"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.15.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0cea48d173cc12fa28ecabc3b837ea3cf6f38c6d1136f85cbaaf598984861466"},
 ]

 [[package]]
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ module-name = "synapse.synapse_rust"

 [tool.poetry]
 name = "matrix-synapse"
-version = "1.138.0"
+version = "1.140.0"
 description = "Homeserver for the Matrix decentralised comms protocol"
 authors = ["Matrix.org Team and Contributors <packages@matrix.org>"]
-license = "AGPL-3.0-or-later"
+license = "AGPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Element-Commercial"
 readme = "README.rst"
 repository = "https://github.com/element-hq/synapse"
 packages = [
--- a/rust/src/http_client.rs
+++ b/rust/src/http_client.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 * <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
 */

-use std::{collections::HashMap, future::Future};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, future::Future, sync::OnceLock};

 use anyhow::Context;
 use futures::TryStreamExt;
@@ -299,5 +299,22 @@ where
        });
    });

-    Ok(deferred)
+    // Make the deferred follow the Synapse logcontext rules
+    make_deferred_yieldable(py, &deferred)
+}
+
+static MAKE_DEFERRED_YIELDABLE: OnceLock<pyo3::Py<pyo3::PyAny>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Given a deferred, make it follow the Synapse logcontext rules
+fn make_deferred_yieldable<'py>(
+    py: Python<'py>,
+    deferred: &Bound<'py, PyAny>,
+) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
+    let make_deferred_yieldable = MAKE_DEFERRED_YIELDABLE.get_or_init(|| {
+        let sys = PyModule::import(py, "synapse.logging.context").unwrap();
+        let func = sys.getattr("make_deferred_yieldable").unwrap().unbind();
+        func
+    });
+
+    make_deferred_yieldable.call1(py, (deferred,))?.extract(py)
 }
--- a/schema/synapse-config.schema.yaml
+++ b/schema/synapse-config.schema.yaml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 $schema: https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/schema/v1/meta.schema.json
-$id: https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/schema/synapse/v1.138/synapse-config.schema.json
+$id: https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/schema/synapse/v1.140/synapse-config.schema.json
 type: object
 properties:
  modules:
@@ -2259,9 +2259,8 @@ properties:
      Setting this to a high value allows users to report content quickly, possibly in
      duplicate. This can result in higher database usage.
    default:
-      per_user:
-        per_second: 1.0
-        burst_count: 5.0
+      per_second: 1.0
+      burst_count: 5.0
    examples:
      - per_second: 2.0
        burst_count: 20.0
@@ -2270,9 +2269,8 @@ properties:
    description: >-
      Sets rate limits for how often users are able to create rooms.
    default:
-      per_user:
-        per_second: 0.016
-        burst_count: 10.0
+      per_second: 0.016
+      burst_count: 10.0
    examples:
      - per_second: 1.0
        burst_count: 5.0
@@ -2415,8 +2413,15 @@ properties:
      A list of media upload limits defining how much data a given user can
      upload in a given time period.

+      These limits are applied in addition to the `max_upload_size` limit above
+      (which applies to individual uploads).
+

      An empty list means no limits are applied.
+
+
+      These settings can be overridden using the `get_media_upload_limits_for_user`
+      module API [callback](../../modules/media_repository_callbacks.md#get_media_upload_limits_for_user).
    default: []
    items:
      time_period:
@@ -2879,6 +2884,35 @@ properties:
    default: true
    examples:
      - false
+  matrix_rtc:
+    type: object 
+    description: >-
+      Options related to MatrixRTC.
+    properties:
+      transports:
+        type: array
+        items:
+          type: object
+          required:
+            - type
+          properties:
+            type:
+              type: string
+              description: The type of transport to use to connect to the selective forwarding unit (SFU).
+              example: livekit
+            livekit_service_url:
+              type: string
+              description: >-
+                The base URL of the LiveKit service. Should only be used with LiveKit-based transports.
+              example: https://matrix-rtc.example.com/livekit/jwt
+        description:
+          A list of transport types and arguments to use for MatrixRTC connections.
+        default: []
+    default: {}
+    examples:
+      - transports:
+        - type: livekit
+          livekit_service_url: https://matrix-rtc.example.com/livekit/jwt
  enable_registration:
    type: boolean
    description: >-
--- a/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/build_debian_packages.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ DISTS = (
    "debian:sid",  # (rolling distro, no EOL)
    "ubuntu:jammy",  # 22.04 LTS (EOL 2027-04) (our EOL forced by Python 3.10 is 2026-10-04)
    "ubuntu:noble",  # 24.04 LTS (EOL 2029-06)
-    "ubuntu:oracular",  # 24.10 (EOL 2025-07)
+    "ubuntu:plucky",  # 25.04 (EOL 2026-01)
    "debian:trixie",  # (EOL not specified yet)
 )

--- a/scripts-dev/mypy_synapse_plugin.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/mypy_synapse_plugin.py
@@ -68,6 +68,42 @@ PROMETHEUS_METRIC_MISSING_FROM_LIST_TO_CHECK = ErrorCode(
    category="per-homeserver-tenant-metrics",
 )

+PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_CALL_LATER = ErrorCode(
+    "call-later-not-tracked",
+    "Prefer using `synapse.util.Clock.call_later` instead of `reactor.callLater`",
+    category="synapse-reactor-clock",
+)
+
+PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_LOOPING_CALL = ErrorCode(
+    "prefer-synapse-clock-looping-call",
+    "Prefer using `synapse.util.Clock.looping_call` instead of `task.LoopingCall`",
+    category="synapse-reactor-clock",
+)
+
+PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_CALL_WHEN_RUNNING = ErrorCode(
+    "prefer-synapse-clock-call-when-running",
+    "Prefer using `synapse.util.Clock.call_when_running` instead of `reactor.callWhenRunning`",
+    category="synapse-reactor-clock",
+)
+
+PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_ADD_SYSTEM_EVENT_TRIGGER = ErrorCode(
+    "prefer-synapse-clock-add-system-event-trigger",
+    "Prefer using `synapse.util.Clock.add_system_event_trigger` instead of `reactor.addSystemEventTrigger`",
+    category="synapse-reactor-clock",
+)
+
+MULTIPLE_INTERNAL_CLOCKS_CREATED = ErrorCode(
+    "multiple-internal-clocks",
+    "Only one instance of `clock.Clock` should be created",
+    category="synapse-reactor-clock",
+)
+
+UNTRACKED_BACKGROUND_PROCESS = ErrorCode(
+    "untracked-background-process",
+    "Prefer using `HomeServer.run_as_background_process` method over the bare `run_as_background_process`",
+    category="synapse-tracked-calls",
+)
+

 class Sentinel(enum.Enum):
    # defining a sentinel in this way allows mypy to correctly handle the
@@ -210,6 +246,18 @@ class SynapsePlugin(Plugin):
            # callback, let's just pass it in while we have it.
            return lambda ctx: check_prometheus_metric_instantiation(ctx, fullname)

+        if fullname == "twisted.internet.task.LoopingCall":
+            return check_looping_call
+
+        if fullname == "synapse.util.clock.Clock":
+            return check_clock_creation
+
+        if (
+            fullname
+            == "synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics.run_as_background_process"
+        ):
+            return check_background_process
+
        return None

    def get_method_signature_hook(
@@ -229,9 +277,177 @@ class SynapsePlugin(Plugin):
        ):
            return check_is_cacheable_wrapper

+        if fullname in (
+            "twisted.internet.interfaces.IReactorTime.callLater",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseThreadlessReactor.callLater",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseReactor.callLater",
+        ):
+            return check_call_later
+
+        if fullname in (
+            "twisted.internet.interfaces.IReactorCore.callWhenRunning",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseThreadlessReactor.callWhenRunning",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseReactor.callWhenRunning",
+        ):
+            return check_call_when_running
+
+        if fullname in (
+            "twisted.internet.interfaces.IReactorCore.addSystemEventTrigger",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseThreadlessReactor.addSystemEventTrigger",
+            "synapse.types.ISynapseReactor.addSystemEventTrigger",
+        ):
+            return check_add_system_event_trigger
+
        return None


+def check_clock_creation(ctx: FunctionSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that the only `clock.Clock` instance is the one used by the `HomeServer`.
+    This is so that the `HomeServer` can cancel any tracked delayed or looping calls
+    during server shutdown.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        "Expected the only `clock.Clock` instance to be the one used by the `HomeServer`. "
+        "This is so that the `HomeServer` can cancel any tracked delayed or looping calls "
+        "during server shutdown",
+        ctx.context,
+        code=MULTIPLE_INTERNAL_CLOCKS_CREATED,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
+def check_call_later(ctx: MethodSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that the `reactor.callLater` callsites aren't used.
+
+    `synapse.util.Clock.call_later` should always be used instead of `reactor.callLater`.
+    This is because the `synapse.util.Clock` tracks delayed calls in order to cancel any
+    outstanding calls during server shutdown. Delayed calls which are either short lived
+    (<~60s) or frequently called and can be tracked via other means could be candidates for
+    using `synapse.util.Clock.call_later` with `call_later_cancel_on_shutdown` set to
+    `False`. There shouldn't be a need to use `reactor.callLater` outside of tests or the
+    `Clock` class itself. If a need arises, you can use a type ignore comment to disable the
+    check, e.g. `# type: ignore[call-later-not-tracked]`.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        "Expected all `reactor.callLater` calls to use `synapse.util.Clock.call_later` "
+        "instead. This is so that long lived calls can be tracked for cancellation during "
+        "server shutdown",
+        ctx.context,
+        code=PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_CALL_LATER,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
+def check_looping_call(ctx: FunctionSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that the `task.LoopingCall` callsites aren't used.
+
+    `synapse.util.Clock.looping_call` should always be used instead of `task.LoopingCall`.
+    `synapse.util.Clock` tracks looping calls in order to cancel any outstanding calls
+    during server shutdown.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        "Expected all `task.LoopingCall` instances to use `synapse.util.Clock.looping_call` "
+        "instead. This is so that long lived calls can be tracked for cancellation during "
+        "server shutdown",
+        ctx.context,
+        code=PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_LOOPING_CALL,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
+def check_call_when_running(ctx: MethodSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that the `reactor.callWhenRunning` callsites aren't used.
+
+    `synapse.util.Clock.call_when_running` should always be used instead of
+    `reactor.callWhenRunning`.
+
+    Since `reactor.callWhenRunning` is a reactor callback, the callback will start out
+    with the sentinel logcontext. `synapse.util.Clock` starts a default logcontext as we
+    want to know which server the logs came from.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        (
+            "Expected all `reactor.callWhenRunning` calls to use `synapse.util.Clock.call_when_running` instead. "
+            "This is so all Synapse code runs with a logcontext as we want to know which server the logs came from."
+        ),
+        ctx.context,
+        code=PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_CALL_WHEN_RUNNING,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
+def check_add_system_event_trigger(ctx: MethodSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that the `reactor.addSystemEventTrigger` callsites aren't used.
+
+    `synapse.util.Clock.add_system_event_trigger` should always be used instead of
+    `reactor.addSystemEventTrigger`.
+
+    Since `reactor.addSystemEventTrigger` is a reactor callback, the callback will start out
+    with the sentinel logcontext. `synapse.util.Clock` starts a default logcontext as we
+    want to know which server the logs came from.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        (
+            "Expected all `reactor.addSystemEventTrigger` calls to use `synapse.util.Clock.add_system_event_trigger` instead. "
+            "This is so all Synapse code runs with a logcontext as we want to know which server the logs came from."
+        ),
+        ctx.context,
+        code=PREFER_SYNAPSE_CLOCK_ADD_SYSTEM_EVENT_TRIGGER,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
+def check_background_process(ctx: FunctionSigContext) -> CallableType:
+    """
+    Ensure that calls to `run_as_background_process` use the `HomeServer` method.
+    This is so that the `HomeServer` can cancel any running background processes during
+    server shutdown.
+
+    Args:
+        ctx: The `FunctionSigContext` from mypy.
+    """
+    signature: CallableType = ctx.default_signature
+    ctx.api.fail(
+        "Prefer using `HomeServer.run_as_background_process` method over the bare "
+        "`run_as_background_process`. This is so that the `HomeServer` can cancel "
+        "any background processes during server shutdown",
+        ctx.context,
+        code=UNTRACKED_BACKGROUND_PROCESS,
+    )
+
+    return signature
+
+
 def analyze_prometheus_metric_classes(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
    """
    Cross-check the list of Prometheus metric classes against the
--- a/scripts-dev/release.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/release.py
@@ -639,7 +639,16 @@ def _notify(message: str) -> None:


@cli.command()
-def merge_back() -> None:
+# Although this option is not used, allow it anyways. Otherwise the user will
+# receive an error when providing it, which is annoying as other commands accept
+# it.
+@click.option(
+    "--gh-token",
+    "_gh_token",
+    envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"],
+    required=False,
+)
+def merge_back(_gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
    _merge_back()


@@ -687,7 +696,16 @@ def _merge_back() -> None:


@cli.command()
-def announce() -> None:
+# Although this option is not used, allow it anyways. Otherwise the user will
+# receive an error when providing it, which is annoying as other commands accept
+# it.
+@click.option(
+    "--gh-token",
+    "_gh_token",
+    envvar=["GH_TOKEN", "GITHUB_TOKEN"],
+    required=False,
+)
+def announce(_gh_token: Optional[str]) -> None:
    _announce()


--- a/scripts-dev/sign_json.py
+++ b/scripts-dev/sign_json.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from signedjson.sign import sign_json

 from synapse.api.room_versions import KNOWN_ROOM_VERSIONS
 from synapse.crypto.event_signing import add_hashes_and_signatures
-from synapse.util import json_encoder
+from synapse.util.json import json_encoder


 def main() -> None:
--- a/synapse/_scripts/generate_workers_map.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/generate_workers_map.py
@@ -157,7 +157,12 @@ def get_registered_paths_for_default(
    # TODO We only do this to avoid an error, but don't need the database etc
    hs.setup()
    registered_paths = get_registered_paths_for_hs(hs)
-    hs.cleanup()
+    # NOTE: a more robust implementation would properly shutdown/cleanup each server
+    # to avoid resource buildup.
+    # However, the call to `shutdown` is `async` so it would require additional complexity here.
+    # We are intentionally skipping this cleanup because this is a short-lived, one-off
+    # utility script where the simpler approach is sufficient and we shouldn't run into
+    # any resource buildup issues.

    return registered_paths

--- a/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/synapse_port_db.py
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ from twisted.internet import defer, reactor as reactor_
 from synapse.config.database import DatabaseConnectionConfig
 from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
 from synapse.logging.context import (
-    LoggingContext,
    make_deferred_yieldable,
    run_in_background,
 )
-from synapse.notifier import ReplicationNotifier
+from synapse.server import HomeServer
+from synapse.storage import DataStore
 from synapse.storage.database import DatabasePool, LoggingTransaction, make_conn
 from synapse.storage.databases.main import FilteringWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.account_data import AccountDataWorkerStore
@@ -98,8 +98,6 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.state.bg_updates import StateBackgroundUpdateStor
 from synapse.storage.engines import create_engine
 from synapse.storage.prepare_database import prepare_database
 from synapse.types import ISynapseReactor
-from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION, Clock
-from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string

 # Cast safety: Twisted does some naughty magic which replaces the
 # twisted.internet.reactor module with a Reactor instance at runtime.
@@ -318,31 +316,15 @@ class Store(
        )


-class MockHomeserver:
+class MockHomeserver(HomeServer):
+    DATASTORE_CLASS = DataStore
+
    def __init__(self, config: HomeServerConfig):
-        self.clock = Clock(reactor)
-        self.config = config
-        self.hostname = config.server.server_name
-        self.version_string = SYNAPSE_VERSION
-        self.instance_id = random_string(5)
-
-    def get_clock(self) -> Clock:
-        return self.clock
-
-    def get_reactor(self) -> ISynapseReactor:
-        return reactor
-
-    def get_instance_id(self) -> str:
-        return self.instance_id
-
-    def get_instance_name(self) -> str:
-        return "master"
-
-    def should_send_federation(self) -> bool:
-        return False
-
-    def get_replication_notifier(self) -> ReplicationNotifier:
-        return ReplicationNotifier()
+        super().__init__(
+            hostname=config.server.server_name,
+            config=config,
+            reactor=reactor,
+        )


 class Porter:
@@ -351,12 +333,12 @@ class Porter:
        sqlite_config: Dict[str, Any],
        progress: "Progress",
        batch_size: int,
-        hs_config: HomeServerConfig,
+        hs: HomeServer,
    ):
        self.sqlite_config = sqlite_config
        self.progress = progress
        self.batch_size = batch_size
-        self.hs_config = hs_config
+        self.hs = hs

    async def setup_table(self, table: str) -> Tuple[str, int, int, int, int]:
        if table in APPEND_ONLY_TABLES:
@@ -676,8 +658,7 @@ class Porter:

        engine = create_engine(db_config.config)

-        hs = MockHomeserver(self.hs_config)
-        server_name = hs.hostname
+        server_name = self.hs.hostname

        with make_conn(
            db_config=db_config,
@@ -688,16 +669,16 @@ class Porter:
            engine.check_database(
                db_conn, allow_outdated_version=allow_outdated_version
            )
-            prepare_database(db_conn, engine, config=self.hs_config)
+            prepare_database(db_conn, engine, config=self.hs.config)
            # Type safety: ignore that we're using Mock homeservers here.
            store = Store(
                DatabasePool(
-                    hs,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    self.hs,
                    db_config,
                    engine,
                ),
                db_conn,
-                hs,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                self.hs,
            )
            db_conn.commit()

@@ -795,7 +776,7 @@ class Porter:
                return

            self.postgres_store = self.build_db_store(
-                self.hs_config.database.get_single_database()
+                self.hs.config.database.get_single_database()
            )

            await self.remove_ignored_background_updates_from_database()
@@ -1584,6 +1565,8 @@ def main() -> None:
    config = HomeServerConfig()
    config.parse_config_dict(hs_config, "", "")

+    hs = MockHomeserver(config)
+
    def start(stdscr: Optional["curses.window"] = None) -> None:
        progress: Progress
        if stdscr:
@@ -1595,15 +1578,14 @@ def main() -> None:
            sqlite_config=sqlite_config,
            progress=progress,
            batch_size=args.batch_size,
-            hs_config=config,
+            hs=hs,
        )

        @defer.inlineCallbacks
        def run() -> Generator["defer.Deferred[Any]", Any, None]:
-            with LoggingContext("synapse_port_db_run"):
-                yield defer.ensureDeferred(porter.run())
+            yield defer.ensureDeferred(porter.run())

-        reactor.callWhenRunning(run)
+        hs.get_clock().call_when_running(run)

        reactor.run()

--- a/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py
+++ b/synapse/_scripts/update_synapse_database.py
@@ -28,11 +28,9 @@ import yaml
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor as reactor_

 from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage import DataStore
 from synapse.types import ISynapseReactor
-from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION

 # Cast safety: Twisted does some naughty magic which replaces the
 # twisted.internet.reactor module with a Reactor instance at runtime.
@@ -48,12 +46,10 @@ class MockHomeserver(HomeServer):
            hostname=config.server.server_name,
            config=config,
            reactor=reactor,
-            version_string=f"Synapse/{SYNAPSE_VERSION}",
        )


 def run_background_updates(hs: HomeServer) -> None:
-    server_name = hs.hostname
    main = hs.get_datastores().main
    state = hs.get_datastores().state

@@ -67,14 +63,13 @@ def run_background_updates(hs: HomeServer) -> None:
    def run() -> None:
        # Apply all background updates on the database.
        defer.ensureDeferred(
-            run_as_background_process(
+            hs.run_as_background_process(
                "background_updates",
-                server_name,
                run_background_updates,
            )
        )

-    reactor.callWhenRunning(run)
+    hs.get_clock().call_when_running(run)

    reactor.run()

--- a/synapse/api/auth/base.py
+++ b/synapse/api/auth/base.py
@@ -354,12 +354,10 @@ class BaseAuth:
                effective_user_id, effective_device_id
            )
            if device_opt is None:
-                # For now, use 400 M_EXCLUSIVE if the device doesn't exist.
-                # This is an open thread of discussion on MSC3202 as of 2021-12-09.
                raise AuthError(
                    400,
                    f"Application service trying to use a device that doesn't exist ('{effective_device_id}' for {effective_user_id})",
-                    Codes.EXCLUSIVE,
+                    Codes.UNKNOWN_DEVICE,
                )

        return create_requester(
--- a/synapse/api/auth/mas.py
+++ b/synapse/api/auth/mas.py
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
    UnrecognizedRequestError,
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
-from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
    active_span,
    force_tracing,
@@ -43,9 +42,9 @@ from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
 from synapse.synapse_rust.http_client import HttpClient
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester, UserID, create_requester
-from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.caches.cached_call import RetryOnExceptionCachedCall
 from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache, ResponseCacheContext
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder

 from . import introspection_response_timer

@@ -229,13 +228,12 @@ class MasDelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
        try:
            with start_active_span("mas-introspect-token"):
                inject_request_headers(raw_headers)
-                with PreserveLoggingContext():
-                    resp_body = await self._rust_http_client.post(
-                        url=self._introspection_endpoint,
-                        response_limit=1 * 1024 * 1024,
-                        headers=raw_headers,
-                        request_body=body,
-                    )
+                resp_body = await self._rust_http_client.post(
+                    url=self._introspection_endpoint,
+                    response_limit=1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                    headers=raw_headers,
+                    request_body=body,
+                )
        except HttpResponseException as e:
            end_time = self._clock.time()
            introspection_response_timer.labels(
--- a/synapse/api/auth/msc3861_delegated.py
+++ b/synapse/api/auth/msc3861_delegated.py
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
    UnrecognizedRequestError,
 )
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
-from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
    active_span,
    force_tracing,
@@ -48,9 +47,9 @@ from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
 from synapse.synapse_rust.http_client import HttpClient
 from synapse.types import Requester, UserID, create_requester
-from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.caches.cached_call import RetryOnExceptionCachedCall
 from synapse.util.caches.response_cache import ResponseCache, ResponseCacheContext
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder

 from . import introspection_response_timer

@@ -327,13 +326,12 @@ class MSC3861DelegatedAuth(BaseAuth):
        try:
            with start_active_span("mas-introspect-token"):
                inject_request_headers(raw_headers)
-                with PreserveLoggingContext():
-                    resp_body = await self._rust_http_client.post(
-                        url=uri,
-                        response_limit=1 * 1024 * 1024,
-                        headers=raw_headers,
-                        request_body=body,
-                    )
+                resp_body = await self._rust_http_client.post(
+                    url=uri,
+                    response_limit=1 * 1024 * 1024,
+                    headers=raw_headers,
+                    request_body=body,
+                )
        except HttpResponseException as e:
            end_time = self._clock.time()
            introspection_response_timer.labels(
--- a/synapse/api/errors.py
+++ b/synapse/api/errors.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union

 from twisted.web import http

-from synapse.util import json_decoder
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder

 if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
@@ -140,12 +140,18 @@ class Codes(str, Enum):
    # Part of MSC4155
    INVITE_BLOCKED = "ORG.MATRIX.MSC4155.M_INVITE_BLOCKED"

+    # Part of MSC4190
+    APPSERVICE_LOGIN_UNSUPPORTED = "IO.ELEMENT.MSC4190.M_APPSERVICE_LOGIN_UNSUPPORTED"
+
    # Part of MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions
    MSC4306_CONFLICTING_UNSUBSCRIPTION = (
        "IO.ELEMENT.MSC4306.M_CONFLICTING_UNSUBSCRIPTION"
    )
    MSC4306_NOT_IN_THREAD = "IO.ELEMENT.MSC4306.M_NOT_IN_THREAD"

+    # Part of MSC4326
+    UNKNOWN_DEVICE = "ORG.MATRIX.MSC4326.M_UNKNOWN_DEVICE"
+

 class CodeMessageException(RuntimeError):
    """An exception with integer code, a message string attributes and optional headers.
--- a/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
+++ b/synapse/api/ratelimiting.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from synapse.api.errors import LimitExceededError
 from synapse.config.ratelimiting import RatelimitSettings
 from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
 from synapse.types import Requester
-from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    # To avoid circular imports:
--- a/synapse/api/urls.py
+++ b/synapse/api/urls.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 """Contains the URL paths to prefix various aspects of the server with."""

 import hmac
+import urllib.parse
 from hashlib import sha256
 from typing import Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin
@@ -96,11 +97,21 @@ class LoginSSORedirectURIBuilder:
        serialized_query_parameters = urlencode({"redirectUrl": client_redirect_url})

        if idp_id:
+            # Since this is a user-controlled string, make it safe to include in a URL path.
+            url_encoded_idp_id = urllib.parse.quote(
+                idp_id,
+                # Since this defaults to `safe="/"`, we have to override it. We're
+                # working with an individual URL path parameter so there shouldn't be
+                # any slashes in it which could change the request path.
+                safe="",
+                encoding="utf8",
+            )
+
            resultant_url = urljoin(
                # We have to add a trailing slash to the base URL to ensure that the
                # last path segment is not stripped away when joining with another path.
                f"{base_url}/",
-                f"{idp_id}?{serialized_query_parameters}",
+                f"{url_encoded_idp_id}?{serialized_query_parameters}",
            )
        else:
            resultant_url = f"{base_url}?{serialized_query_parameters}"
--- a/synapse/app/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/app/_base.py
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import sys
 import traceback
 import warnings
 from textwrap import indent
+from threading import Thread
 from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ from typing import (
    Tuple,
    cast,
 )
+from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIServer

 from cryptography.utils import CryptographyDeprecationWarning
 from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
@@ -72,8 +74,7 @@ from synapse.events.auto_accept_invites import InviteAutoAccepter
 from synapse.events.presence_router import load_legacy_presence_router
 from synapse.handlers.auth import load_legacy_password_auth_providers
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseSite
-from synapse.logging.context import PreserveLoggingContext
-from synapse.logging.opentracing import init_tracer
+from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext, PreserveLoggingContext
 from synapse.metrics import install_gc_manager, register_threadpool
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.metrics.jemalloc import setup_jemalloc_stats
@@ -98,22 +99,47 @@ reactor = cast(ISynapseReactor, _reactor)

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

-# list of tuples of function, args list, kwargs dict
-_sighup_callbacks: List[
-    Tuple[Callable[..., None], Tuple[object, ...], Dict[str, object]]
-] = []
+_instance_id_to_sighup_callbacks_map: Dict[
+    str, List[Tuple[Callable[..., None], Tuple[object, ...], Dict[str, object]]]
+] = {}
+"""
+Map from homeserver instance_id to a list of callbacks.
+
+We use `instance_id` instead of `server_name` because it's possible to have multiple
+workers running in the same process with the same `server_name`.
+"""
 P = ParamSpec("P")


-def register_sighup(func: Callable[P, None], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:
+def register_sighup(
+    homeserver_instance_id: str,
+    func: Callable[P, None],
+    *args: P.args,
+    **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+) -> None:
    """
    Register a function to be called when a SIGHUP occurs.

    Args:
+        homeserver_instance_id: The unique ID for this Synapse process instance
+            (`hs.get_instance_id()`) that this hook is associated with.
        func: Function to be called when sent a SIGHUP signal.
        *args, **kwargs: args and kwargs to be passed to the target function.
    """
-    _sighup_callbacks.append((func, args, kwargs))
+
+    _instance_id_to_sighup_callbacks_map.setdefault(homeserver_instance_id, []).append(
+        (func, args, kwargs)
+    )
+
+
+def unregister_sighups(instance_id: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Unregister all sighup functions associated with this Synapse instance.
+
+    Args:
+        instance_id: Unique ID for this Synapse process instance.
+    """
+    _instance_id_to_sighup_callbacks_map.pop(instance_id, [])


 def start_worker_reactor(
@@ -183,25 +209,23 @@ def start_reactor(
        if gc_thresholds:
            gc.set_threshold(*gc_thresholds)
        install_gc_manager()
-        run_command()

-    # make sure that we run the reactor with the sentinel log context,
-    # otherwise other PreserveLoggingContext instances will get confused
-    # and complain when they see the logcontext arbitrarily swapping
-    # between the sentinel and `run` logcontexts.
-    #
-    # We also need to drop the logcontext before forking if we're daemonizing,
-    # otherwise the cputime metrics get confused about the per-thread resource usage
-    # appearing to go backwards.
-    with PreserveLoggingContext():
-        if daemonize:
-            assert pid_file is not None
+        # Reset the logging context when we start the reactor (whenever we yield control
+        # to the reactor, the `sentinel` logging context needs to be set so we don't
+        # leak the current logging context and erroneously apply it to the next task the
+        # reactor event loop picks up)
+        with PreserveLoggingContext():
+            run_command()

-            if print_pidfile:
-                print(pid_file)
+    if daemonize:
+        assert pid_file is not None

-            daemonize_process(pid_file, logger)
-        run()
+        if print_pidfile:
+            print(pid_file)
+
+        daemonize_process(pid_file, logger)
+
+    run()


 def quit_with_error(error_string: str) -> NoReturn:
@@ -243,7 +267,7 @@ def redirect_stdio_to_logs() -> None:


 def register_start(
-    cb: Callable[P, Awaitable], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs
+    hs: "HomeServer", cb: Callable[P, Awaitable], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs
 ) -> None:
    """Register a callback with the reactor, to be called once it is running

@@ -280,10 +304,13 @@ def register_start(
            # on as normal.
            os._exit(1)

-    reactor.callWhenRunning(lambda: defer.ensureDeferred(wrapper()))
+    clock = hs.get_clock()
+    clock.call_when_running(lambda: defer.ensureDeferred(wrapper()))


-def listen_metrics(bind_addresses: StrCollection, port: int) -> None:
+def listen_metrics(
+    bind_addresses: StrCollection, port: int
+) -> List[Tuple[WSGIServer, Thread]]:
    """
    Start Prometheus metrics server.

@@ -296,14 +323,22 @@ def listen_metrics(bind_addresses: StrCollection, port: int) -> None:
    bytecode at a time), this still works because the metrics thread can preempt the
    Twisted reactor thread between bytecode boundaries and the metrics thread gets
    scheduled with roughly equal priority to the Twisted reactor thread.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of WSGIServer with the thread they are running on.
    """
    from prometheus_client import start_http_server as start_http_server_prometheus

    from synapse.metrics import RegistryProxy

+    servers: List[Tuple[WSGIServer, Thread]] = []
    for host in bind_addresses:
        logger.info("Starting metrics listener on %s:%d", host, port)
-        start_http_server_prometheus(port, addr=host, registry=RegistryProxy)
+        server, thread = start_http_server_prometheus(
+            port, addr=host, registry=RegistryProxy
+        )
+        servers.append((server, thread))
+    return servers


 def listen_manhole(
@@ -311,7 +346,7 @@ def listen_manhole(
    port: int,
    manhole_settings: ManholeConfig,
    manhole_globals: dict,
-) -> None:
+) -> List[Port]:
    # twisted.conch.manhole 21.1.0 uses "int_from_bytes", which produces a confusing
    # warning. It's fixed by https://github.com/twisted/twisted/pull/1522), so
    # suppress the warning for now.
@@ -323,7 +358,7 @@ def listen_manhole(

    from synapse.util.manhole import manhole

-    listen_tcp(
+    return listen_tcp(
        bind_addresses,
        port,
        manhole(settings=manhole_settings, globals=manhole_globals),
@@ -386,17 +421,26 @@ def listen_http(
    context_factory: Optional[IOpenSSLContextFactory],
    reactor: ISynapseReactor = reactor,
 ) -> List[Port]:
+    """
+    Args:
+        listener_config: TODO
+        root_resource: TODO
+        version_string: A string to present for the Server header
+        max_request_body_size: TODO
+        context_factory: TODO
+        reactor: TODO
+    """
    assert listener_config.http_options is not None

    site_tag = listener_config.get_site_tag()

    site = SynapseSite(
-        "synapse.access.%s.%s"
+        logger_name="synapse.access.%s.%s"
        % ("https" if listener_config.is_tls() else "http", site_tag),
-        site_tag,
-        listener_config,
-        root_resource,
-        version_string,
+        site_tag=site_tag,
+        config=listener_config,
+        resource=root_resource,
+        server_version_string=version_string,
        max_request_body_size=max_request_body_size,
        reactor=reactor,
        hs=hs,
@@ -500,7 +544,7 @@ def refresh_certificate(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
        logger.info("Context factories updated.")


-async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
+async def start(hs: "HomeServer", freeze: bool = True) -> None:
    """
    Start a Synapse server or worker.

@@ -511,6 +555,11 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:

    Args:
        hs: homeserver instance
+        freeze: whether to freeze the homeserver base objects in the garbage collector.
+            May improve garbage collection performance by marking objects with an effectively
+            static lifetime as frozen so they don't need to be considered for cleanup.
+            If you ever want to `shutdown` the homeserver, this needs to be
+            False otherwise the homeserver cannot be garbage collected after `shutdown`.
    """
    server_name = hs.hostname
    reactor = hs.get_reactor()
@@ -519,7 +568,9 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
    # numbers of DNS requests don't starve out other users of the threadpool.
    resolver_threadpool = ThreadPool(name="gai_resolver")
    resolver_threadpool.start()
-    reactor.addSystemEventTrigger("during", "shutdown", resolver_threadpool.stop)
+    hs.get_clock().add_system_event_trigger(
+        "during", "shutdown", resolver_threadpool.stop
+    )
    reactor.installNameResolver(
        GAIResolver(reactor, getThreadPool=lambda: resolver_threadpool)
    )
@@ -541,12 +592,17 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
                # we're not using systemd.
                sdnotify(b"RELOADING=1")

-                for i, args, kwargs in _sighup_callbacks:
-                    i(*args, **kwargs)
+            for sighup_callbacks in _instance_id_to_sighup_callbacks_map.values():
+                for func, args, kwargs in sighup_callbacks:
+                    func(*args, **kwargs)

                sdnotify(b"READY=1")

-            return run_as_background_process(
+            # It's okay to ignore the linter error here and call
+            # `run_as_background_process` directly because `_handle_sighup` operates
+            # outside of the scope of a specific `HomeServer` instance and holds no
+            # references to it which would prevent a clean shutdown.
+            return run_as_background_process(  # type: ignore[untracked-background-process]
                "sighup",
                server_name,
                _handle_sighup,
@@ -564,8 +620,8 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:

        signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, run_sighup)

-        register_sighup(refresh_certificate, hs)
-        register_sighup(reload_cache_config, hs.config)
+        register_sighup(hs.get_instance_id(), refresh_certificate, hs)
+        register_sighup(hs.get_instance_id(), reload_cache_config, hs.config)

    # Apply the cache config.
    hs.config.caches.resize_all_caches()
@@ -573,9 +629,6 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
    # Load the certificate from disk.
    refresh_certificate(hs)

-    # Start the tracer
-    init_tracer(hs)  # noqa
-
    # Instantiate the modules so they can register their web resources to the module API
    # before we start the listeners.
    module_api = hs.get_module_api()
@@ -601,9 +654,15 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
    hs.get_datastores().main.db_pool.start_profiling()
    hs.get_pusherpool().start()

+    def log_shutdown() -> None:
+        with LoggingContext(name="log_shutdown", server_name=server_name):
+            logger.info("Shutting down...")
+
    # Log when we start the shut down process.
-    hs.get_reactor().addSystemEventTrigger(
-        "before", "shutdown", logger.info, "Shutting down..."
+    hs.register_sync_shutdown_handler(
+        phase="before",
+        eventType="shutdown",
+        shutdown_func=log_shutdown,
    )

    setup_sentry(hs)
@@ -633,18 +692,24 @@ async def start(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
        # `REQUIRED_ON_BACKGROUND_TASK_STARTUP`
        start_phone_stats_home(hs)

-    # We now freeze all allocated objects in the hopes that (almost)
-    # everything currently allocated are things that will be used for the
-    # rest of time. Doing so means less work each GC (hopefully).
-    #
-    # PyPy does not (yet?) implement gc.freeze()
-    if hasattr(gc, "freeze"):
-        gc.collect()
-        gc.freeze()
+    if freeze:
+        # We now freeze all allocated objects in the hopes that (almost)
+        # everything currently allocated are things that will be used for the
+        # rest of time. Doing so means less work each GC (hopefully).
+        #
+        # Note that freezing the homeserver object means that it won't be able to be
+        # garbage collected in the case of attempting an in-memory `shutdown`. This only
+        # needs to be considered if such a case is desirable. Exiting the entire Python
+        # process will function expectedly either way.
+        #
+        # PyPy does not (yet?) implement gc.freeze()
+        if hasattr(gc, "freeze"):
+            gc.collect()
+            gc.freeze()

-        # Speed up shutdowns by freezing all allocated objects. This moves everything
-        # into the permanent generation and excludes them from the final GC.
-        atexit.register(gc.freeze)
+            # Speed up process exit by freezing all allocated objects. This moves everything
+            # into the permanent generation and excludes them from the final GC.
+            atexit.register(gc.freeze)


 def reload_cache_config(config: HomeServerConfig) -> None:
@@ -719,7 +784,7 @@ def setup_sdnotify(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
    # we're not using systemd.
    sdnotify(b"READY=1\nMAINPID=%i" % (os.getpid(),))

-    hs.get_reactor().addSystemEventTrigger(
+    hs.get_clock().add_system_event_trigger(
        "before", "shutdown", sdnotify, b"STOPPING=1"
    )

--- a/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py
+++ b/synapse/app/admin_cmd.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import sys
 import tempfile
-from typing import List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import List, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple

 from twisted.internet import defer, task

@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import StreamWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.tags import TagsWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_erasure_store import UserErasureWorkerStore
 from synapse.types import JsonMapping, StateMap
-from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext

 logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.admin_cmd")
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ class FileExfiltrationWriter(ExfiltrationWriter):
        return self.base_directory


-def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
+def load_config(argv_options: List[str]) -> Tuple[HomeServerConfig, argparse.Namespace]:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Synapse Admin Command")
    HomeServerConfig.add_arguments_to_parser(parser)

@@ -282,11 +281,15 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
    export_data_parser.set_defaults(func=export_data_command)

    try:
-        config, args = HomeServerConfig.load_config_with_parser(parser, config_options)
+        config, args = HomeServerConfig.load_config_with_parser(parser, argv_options)
    except ConfigError as e:
        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
        sys.exit(1)

+    return config, args
+
+
+def start(config: HomeServerConfig, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    if config.worker.worker_app is not None:
        assert config.worker.worker_app == "synapse.app.admin_cmd"

@@ -312,7 +315,6 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
    ss = AdminCmdServer(
        config.server.server_name,
        config=config,
-        version_string=f"Synapse/{SYNAPSE_VERSION}",
    )

    setup_logging(ss, config, use_worker_options=True)
@@ -325,7 +327,7 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
    # command.

    async def run() -> None:
-        with LoggingContext("command"):
+        with LoggingContext(name="command", server_name=config.server.server_name):
            await _base.start(ss)
            await args.func(ss, args)

@@ -337,5 +339,6 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:


 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config, args = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config, args)
--- a/synapse/app/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/app/appservice.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/client_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/client_reader.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/event_creator.py
+++ b/synapse/app/event_creator.py
@@ -20,13 +20,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_reader.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
+++ b/synapse/app/federation_sender.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
+++ b/synapse/app/frontend_proxy.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/generic_worker.py
+++ b/synapse/app/generic_worker.py
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ from synapse.config.server import ListenerConfig, TCPListenerConfig
 from synapse.federation.transport.server import TransportLayerServer
 from synapse.http.server import JsonResource, OptionsResource
 from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext
+from synapse.logging.opentracing import init_tracer
 from synapse.metrics import METRICS_PREFIX, MetricsResource, RegistryProxy
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
 from synapse.rest import ClientRestResource, admin
@@ -111,7 +112,6 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main.transactions import TransactionWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.ui_auth import UIAuthWorkerStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_directory import UserDirectoryStore
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.user_erasure_store import UserErasureWorkerStore
-from synapse.util import SYNAPSE_VERSION
 from synapse.util.httpresourcetree import create_resource_tree

 logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.generic_worker")
@@ -277,11 +277,13 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
                self._listen_http(listener)
            elif listener.type == "manhole":
                if isinstance(listener, TCPListenerConfig):
-                    _base.listen_manhole(
-                        listener.bind_addresses,
-                        listener.port,
-                        manhole_settings=self.config.server.manhole_settings,
-                        manhole_globals={"hs": self},
+                    self._listening_services.extend(
+                        _base.listen_manhole(
+                            listener.bind_addresses,
+                            listener.port,
+                            manhole_settings=self.config.server.manhole_settings,
+                            manhole_globals={"hs": self},
+                        )
                    )
                else:
                    raise ConfigError(
@@ -295,9 +297,11 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
                    )
                else:
                    if isinstance(listener, TCPListenerConfig):
-                        _base.listen_metrics(
-                            listener.bind_addresses,
-                            listener.port,
+                        self._metrics_listeners.extend(
+                            _base.listen_metrics(
+                                listener.bind_addresses,
+                                listener.port,
+                            )
                        )
                    else:
                        raise ConfigError(
@@ -310,13 +314,26 @@ class GenericWorkerServer(HomeServer):
        self.get_replication_command_handler().start_replication(self)


-def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
+def load_config(argv_options: List[str]) -> HomeServerConfig:
+    """
+    Parse the commandline and config files (does not generate config)
+
+    Args:
+        argv_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Config object.
+    """
    try:
-        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse worker", config_options)
+        config = HomeServerConfig.load_config("Synapse worker", argv_options)
    except ConfigError as e:
        sys.stderr.write("\n" + str(e) + "\n")
        sys.exit(1)

+    return config
+
+
+def start(config: HomeServerConfig) -> None:
    # For backwards compatibility let any of the old app names.
    assert config.worker.worker_app in (
        "synapse.app.appservice",
@@ -341,11 +358,13 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
    hs = GenericWorkerServer(
        config.server.server_name,
        config=config,
-        version_string=f"Synapse/{SYNAPSE_VERSION}",
    )

    setup_logging(hs, config, use_worker_options=True)

+    # Start the tracer
+    init_tracer(hs)  # noqa
+
    try:
        hs.setup()

@@ -355,7 +374,10 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:
    except Exception as e:
        handle_startup_exception(e)

-    register_start(_base.start, hs)
+    async def start() -> None:
+        await _base.start(hs)
+
+    register_start(hs, start)

    # redirect stdio to the logs, if configured.
    if not hs.config.logging.no_redirect_stdio:
@@ -365,8 +387,9 @@ def start(config_options: List[str]) -> None:


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/app/homeserver.py
@@ -22,14 +22,13 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, List
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional

 from twisted.internet.tcp import Port
 from twisted.web.resource import EncodingResourceWrapper, Resource
 from twisted.web.server import GzipEncoderFactory

 import synapse
-import synapse.config.logger
 from synapse import events
 from synapse.api.urls import (
    CLIENT_API_PREFIX,
@@ -50,6 +49,7 @@ from synapse.app._base import (
 )
 from synapse.config._base import ConfigError, format_config_error
 from synapse.config.homeserver import HomeServerConfig
+from synapse.config.logger import setup_logging
 from synapse.config.server import ListenerConfig, TCPListenerConfig
 from synapse.federation.transport.server import TransportLayerServer
 from synapse.http.additional_resource import AdditionalResource
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ from synapse.http.server import (
    StaticResource,
 )
 from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContext
+from synapse.logging.opentracing import init_tracer
 from synapse.metrics import METRICS_PREFIX, MetricsResource, RegistryProxy
 from synapse.replication.http import REPLICATION_PREFIX, ReplicationRestResource
 from synapse.rest import ClientRestResource, admin
@@ -69,7 +70,8 @@ from synapse.rest.synapse.client import build_synapse_client_resource_tree
 from synapse.rest.well_known import well_known_resource
 from synapse.server import HomeServer
 from synapse.storage import DataStore
-from synapse.util.check_dependencies import VERSION, check_requirements
+from synapse.types import ISynapseReactor
+from synapse.util.check_dependencies import check_requirements
 from synapse.util.httpresourcetree import create_resource_tree
 from synapse.util.module_loader import load_module

@@ -81,6 +83,10 @@ def gz_wrap(r: Resource) -> Resource:


 class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
+    """
+    Homeserver class for the main Synapse process.
+    """
+
    DATASTORE_CLASS = DataStore

    def _listener_http(
@@ -276,11 +282,13 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                )
            elif listener.type == "manhole":
                if isinstance(listener, TCPListenerConfig):
-                    _base.listen_manhole(
-                        listener.bind_addresses,
-                        listener.port,
-                        manhole_settings=self.config.server.manhole_settings,
-                        manhole_globals={"hs": self},
+                    self._listening_services.extend(
+                        _base.listen_manhole(
+                            listener.bind_addresses,
+                            listener.port,
+                            manhole_settings=self.config.server.manhole_settings,
+                            manhole_globals={"hs": self},
+                        )
                    )
                else:
                    raise ConfigError(
@@ -293,9 +301,11 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                    )
                else:
                    if isinstance(listener, TCPListenerConfig):
-                        _base.listen_metrics(
-                            listener.bind_addresses,
-                            listener.port,
+                        self._metrics_listeners.extend(
+                            _base.listen_metrics(
+                                listener.bind_addresses,
+                                listener.port,
+                            )
                        )
                    else:
                        raise ConfigError(
@@ -308,17 +318,21 @@ class SynapseHomeServer(HomeServer):
                logger.warning("Unrecognized listener type: %s", listener.type)


-def setup(config_options: List[str]) -> SynapseHomeServer:
+def load_or_generate_config(argv_options: List[str]) -> HomeServerConfig:
    """
+    Parse the commandline and config files
+
+    Supports generation of config files, so is used for the main homeserver app.
+
    Args:
-        config_options_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.
+        argv_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.

    Returns:
        A homeserver instance.
    """
    try:
        config = HomeServerConfig.load_or_generate_config(
-            "Synapse Homeserver", config_options
+            "Synapse Homeserver", argv_options
        )
    except ConfigError as e:
        sys.stderr.write("\n")
@@ -332,12 +346,30 @@ def setup(config_options: List[str]) -> SynapseHomeServer:
        # generating config files and shouldn't try to continue.
        sys.exit(0)

+    return config
+
+
+def create_homeserver(
+    config: HomeServerConfig,
+    reactor: Optional[ISynapseReactor] = None,
+) -> SynapseHomeServer:
+    """
+    Create a homeserver instance for the Synapse main process.
+
+    Args:
+        config: The configuration for the homeserver.
+        reactor: Optionally provide a reactor to use. Can be useful in different
+            scenarios that you want control over the reactor, such as tests.
+
+    Returns:
+        A homeserver instance.
+    """
+
    if config.worker.worker_app:
        raise ConfigError(
-            "You have specified `worker_app` in the config but are attempting to start a non-worker "
+            "You have specified `worker_app` in the config but are attempting to setup a non-worker "
            "instance. Please use `python -m synapse.app.generic_worker` instead (or remove the option if this is the main process)."
        )
-        sys.exit(1)

    events.USE_FROZEN_DICTS = config.server.use_frozen_dicts
    synapse.util.caches.TRACK_MEMORY_USAGE = config.caches.track_memory_usage
@@ -345,76 +377,102 @@ def setup(config_options: List[str]) -> SynapseHomeServer:
    if config.server.gc_seconds:
        synapse.metrics.MIN_TIME_BETWEEN_GCS = config.server.gc_seconds

-    if (
-        config.registration.enable_registration
-        and not config.registration.enable_registration_without_verification
-    ):
-        if (
-            not config.captcha.enable_registration_captcha
-            and not config.registration.registrations_require_3pid
-            and not config.registration.registration_requires_token
-        ):
-            raise ConfigError(
-                "You have enabled open registration without any verification. This is a known vector for "
-                "spam and abuse. If you would like to allow public registration, please consider adding email, "
-                "captcha, or token-based verification. Otherwise this check can be removed by setting the "
-                "`enable_registration_without_verification` config option to `true`."
-            )
-
    hs = SynapseHomeServer(
-        config.server.server_name,
+        hostname=config.server.server_name,
        config=config,
-        version_string=f"Synapse/{VERSION}",
+        reactor=reactor,
    )

-    synapse.config.logger.setup_logging(hs, config, use_worker_options=False)
+    return hs

+
+def setup(
+    hs: SynapseHomeServer,
+    *,
+    freeze: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Setup a Synapse homeserver instance given a configuration.
+
+    Args:
+        hs: The homeserver to setup.
+        freeze: whether to freeze the homeserver base objects in the garbage collector.
+            May improve garbage collection performance by marking objects with an effectively
+            static lifetime as frozen so they don't need to be considered for cleanup.
+            If you ever want to `shutdown` the homeserver, this needs to be
+            False otherwise the homeserver cannot be garbage collected after `shutdown`.
+
+    Returns:
+        A homeserver instance.
+    """
+
+    setup_logging(hs, hs.config, use_worker_options=False)
+
+    # Log after we've configured logging.
    logger.info("Setting up server")

+    # Start the tracer
+    init_tracer(hs)  # noqa
+
    try:
        hs.setup()
    except Exception as e:
        handle_startup_exception(e)

-    async def start() -> None:
+    async def _start_when_reactor_running() -> None:
+        # TODO: Feels like this should be moved somewhere else.
+        #
        # Load the OIDC provider metadatas, if OIDC is enabled.
        if hs.config.oidc.oidc_enabled:
            oidc = hs.get_oidc_handler()
            # Loading the provider metadata also ensures the provider config is valid.
            await oidc.load_metadata()

-        await _base.start(hs)
+        await _base.start(hs, freeze)

+        # TODO: This should be moved to `SynapseHomeServer.start_background_tasks` (not
+        # `HomeServer.start_background_tasks`) (this way it matches the behavior of only
+        # running on `main`)
        hs.get_datastores().main.db_pool.updates.start_doing_background_updates()

-    register_start(start)
-
-    return hs
+    # Register a callback to be invoked once the reactor is running
+    register_start(hs, _start_when_reactor_running)


-def run(hs: HomeServer) -> None:
+def start_reactor(
+    config: HomeServerConfig,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Start the reactor (Twisted event-loop).
+
+    Args:
+        config: The configuration for the homeserver.
+    """
    _base.start_reactor(
        "synapse-homeserver",
-        soft_file_limit=hs.config.server.soft_file_limit,
-        gc_thresholds=hs.config.server.gc_thresholds,
-        pid_file=hs.config.server.pid_file,
-        daemonize=hs.config.server.daemonize,
-        print_pidfile=hs.config.server.print_pidfile,
+        soft_file_limit=config.server.soft_file_limit,
+        gc_thresholds=config.server.gc_thresholds,
+        pid_file=config.server.pid_file,
+        daemonize=config.server.daemonize,
+        print_pidfile=config.server.print_pidfile,
        logger=logger,
    )


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
+    homeserver_config = load_or_generate_config(sys.argv[1:])
+
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
        # check base requirements
        check_requirements()
-        hs = setup(sys.argv[1:])
+        hs = create_homeserver(homeserver_config)
+        setup(hs)

        # redirect stdio to the logs, if configured.
        if not hs.config.logging.no_redirect_stdio:
            redirect_stdio_to_logs()

-        run(hs)
+        start_reactor(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/media_repository.py
+++ b/synapse/app/media_repository.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/phone_stats_home.py
+++ b/synapse/app/phone_stats_home.py
@@ -29,19 +29,18 @@ from prometheus_client import Gauge
 from twisted.internet import defer

 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
-    run_as_background_process,
-)
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
-from synapse.util.constants import ONE_HOUR_SECONDS, ONE_MINUTE_SECONDS
+from synapse.util.constants import (
+    MILLISECONDS_PER_SECOND,
+    ONE_HOUR_SECONDS,
+    ONE_MINUTE_SECONDS,
+)

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer

 logger = logging.getLogger("synapse.app.homeserver")

-MILLISECONDS_PER_SECOND = 1000
-
 INITIAL_DELAY_BEFORE_FIRST_PHONE_HOME_SECONDS = 5 * ONE_MINUTE_SECONDS
 """
 We wait 5 minutes to send the first set of stats as the server can be quite busy the
@@ -85,8 +84,6 @@ def phone_stats_home(
    stats: JsonDict,
    stats_process: List[Tuple[int, "resource.struct_rusage"]] = _stats_process,
 ) -> "defer.Deferred[None]":
-    server_name = hs.hostname
-
    async def _phone_stats_home(
        hs: "HomeServer",
        stats: JsonDict,
@@ -200,8 +197,8 @@ def phone_stats_home(
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning("Error reporting stats: %s", e)

-    return run_as_background_process(
-        "phone_stats_home", server_name, _phone_stats_home, hs, stats, stats_process
+    return hs.run_as_background_process(
+        "phone_stats_home", _phone_stats_home, hs, stats, stats_process
    )


@@ -263,9 +260,8 @@ def start_phone_stats_home(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:
                float(hs.config.server.max_mau_value)
            )

-        return run_as_background_process(
+        return hs.run_as_background_process(
            "generate_monthly_active_users",
-            server_name,
            _generate_monthly_active_users,
        )

@@ -285,10 +281,16 @@ def start_phone_stats_home(hs: "HomeServer") -> None:

        # We need to defer this init for the cases that we daemonize
        # otherwise the process ID we get is that of the non-daemon process
-        clock.call_later(0, performance_stats_init)
+        clock.call_later(
+            0,
+            performance_stats_init,
+        )

        # We wait 5 minutes to send the first set of stats as the server can
        # be quite busy the first few minutes
        clock.call_later(
-            INITIAL_DELAY_BEFORE_FIRST_PHONE_HOME_SECONDS, phone_stats_home, hs, stats
+            INITIAL_DELAY_BEFORE_FIRST_PHONE_HOME_SECONDS,
+            phone_stats_home,
+            hs,
+            stats,
        )
--- a/synapse/app/pusher.py
+++ b/synapse/app/pusher.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
+++ b/synapse/app/synchrotron.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/app/user_dir.py
+++ b/synapse/app/user_dir.py
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@

 import sys

-from synapse.app.generic_worker import start
+from synapse.app.generic_worker import load_config, start
 from synapse.util.logcontext import LoggingContext


 def main() -> None:
-    with LoggingContext("main"):
-        start(sys.argv[1:])
+    homeserver_config = load_config(sys.argv[1:])
+    with LoggingContext(name="main", server_name=homeserver_config.server.server_name):
+        start(homeserver_config)


 if __name__ == "__main__":
--- a/synapse/appservice/init.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/init.py
@@ -23,15 +23,33 @@
 import logging
 import re
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Pattern, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Sequence,
+    cast,
+)

 import attr
 from netaddr import IPSet

+from twisted.internet import reactor
+
 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
 from synapse.events import EventBase
-from synapse.types import DeviceListUpdates, JsonDict, JsonMapping, UserID
+from synapse.types import (
+    DeviceListUpdates,
+    ISynapseThreadlessReactor,
+    JsonDict,
+    JsonMapping,
+    UserID,
+)
 from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import _CacheContext, cached
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.appservice.api import ApplicationServiceApi
@@ -98,6 +116,15 @@ class ApplicationService:
        self.sender = sender
        # The application service user should be part of the server's domain.
        self.server_name = sender.domain  # nb must be called this for @cached
+
+        # Ideally we would require passing in the `HomeServer` `Clock` instance.
+        # However this is not currently possible as there are places which use
+        # `@cached` that aren't aware of the `HomeServer` instance.
+        # nb must be called this for @cached
+        self.clock = Clock(
+            cast(ISynapseThreadlessReactor, reactor), server_name=self.server_name
+        )  # type: ignore[multiple-internal-clocks]
+
        self.namespaces = self._check_namespaces(namespaces)
        self.id = id
        self.ip_range_whitelist = ip_range_whitelist
--- a/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py
+++ b/synapse/appservice/scheduler.py
@@ -81,10 +81,9 @@ from synapse.appservice import (
 from synapse.appservice.api import ApplicationServiceApi
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.logging.context import run_in_background
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
 from synapse.types import DeviceListUpdates, JsonMapping
-from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -200,6 +199,7 @@ class _ServiceQueuer:
        )
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.hs = hs
        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main

    def start_background_request(self, service: ApplicationService) -> None:
@@ -207,9 +207,7 @@ class _ServiceQueuer:
        if service.id in self.requests_in_flight:
            return

-        run_as_background_process(
-            "as-sender", self.server_name, self._send_request, service
-        )
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process("as-sender", self._send_request, service)

    async def _send_request(self, service: ApplicationService) -> None:
        # sanity-check: we shouldn't get here if this service already has a sender
@@ -361,6 +359,7 @@ class _TransactionController:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.hs = hs
        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self.as_api = hs.get_application_service_api()

@@ -448,6 +447,7 @@ class _TransactionController:
        recoverer = self.RECOVERER_CLASS(
            self.server_name,
            self.clock,
+            self.hs,
            self.store,
            self.as_api,
            service,
@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@ class _Recoverer:
        self,
        server_name: str,
        clock: Clock,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
        store: DataStore,
        as_api: ApplicationServiceApi,
        service: ApplicationService,
@@ -501,6 +502,7 @@ class _Recoverer:
    ):
        self.server_name = server_name
        self.clock = clock
+        self.hs = hs
        self.store = store
        self.as_api = as_api
        self.service = service
@@ -513,9 +515,8 @@ class _Recoverer:
        logger.info("Scheduling retries on %s in %fs", self.service.id, delay)
        self.scheduled_recovery = self.clock.call_later(
            delay,
-            run_as_background_process,
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process,
            "as-recoverer",
-            self.server_name,
            self.retry,
        )

@@ -535,9 +536,8 @@ class _Recoverer:
        if self.scheduled_recovery:
            self.clock.cancel_call_later(self.scheduled_recovery)
        # Run a retry, which will resechedule a recovery if it fails.
-        run_as_background_process(
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process(
            "retry",
-            self.server_name,
            self.retry,
        )

--- a/synapse/config/_base.py
+++ b/synapse/config/_base.py
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@

 import argparse
 import errno
+import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
 import logging
 import os
 import re
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ from typing import (

 import attr
 import jinja2
-import pkg_resources
 import yaml

 from synapse.types import StrSequence
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ class Config:
        self.root = root_config

        # Get the path to the default Synapse template directory
-        self.default_template_dir = pkg_resources.resource_filename(
-            "synapse", "res/templates"
+        self.default_template_dir = str(
+            importlib_resources.files("synapse").joinpath("res").joinpath("templates")
        )

    @staticmethod
@@ -545,18 +545,22 @@ class RootConfig:

    @classmethod
    def load_config(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> TRootConfig:
        """Parse the commandline and config files

        Doesn't support config-file-generation: used by the worker apps.

+        Args:
+            description: TODO
+            argv_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.
+
        Returns:
            Config object.
        """
        config_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
        cls.add_arguments_to_parser(config_parser)
-        obj, _ = cls.load_config_with_parser(config_parser, argv)
+        obj, _ = cls.load_config_with_parser(config_parser, argv_options)

        return obj

@@ -601,7 +605,7 @@ class RootConfig:

    @classmethod
    def load_config_with_parser(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> Tuple[TRootConfig, argparse.Namespace]:
        """Parse the commandline and config files with the given parser

@@ -609,16 +613,20 @@ class RootConfig:

        Used for workers where we want to add extra flags/subcommands.

+        Note: This is the common denominator for loading config and is also used by
+        `load_config` and `load_or_generate_config`. Which is why we call
+        `validate_config()` here.
+
        Args:
            parser
-            argv
+            argv_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.

        Returns:
            Returns the parsed config object and the parsed argparse.Namespace
            object from parser.parse_args(..)`
        """

-        config_args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        config_args = parser.parse_args(argv_options)

        config_files = find_config_files(search_paths=config_args.config_path)
        obj = cls(config_files)
@@ -642,16 +650,24 @@ class RootConfig:

        obj.invoke_all("read_arguments", config_args)

+        # Now that we finally have the full config sections parsed, allow subclasses to
+        # do some extra validation across the entire config.
+        obj.validate_config()
+
        return obj, config_args

    @classmethod
    def load_or_generate_config(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> Optional[TRootConfig]:
        """Parse the commandline and config files

        Supports generation of config files, so is used for the main homeserver app.

+        Args:
+            description: TODO
+            argv_options: The options passed to Synapse. Usually `sys.argv[1:]`.
+
        Returns:
            Config object, or None if --generate-config or --generate-keys was set
        """
@@ -747,7 +763,7 @@ class RootConfig:
        )

        cls.invoke_all_static("add_arguments", parser)
-        config_args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+        config_args = parser.parse_args(argv_options)

        config_files = find_config_files(search_paths=config_args.config_path)

@@ -838,15 +854,7 @@ class RootConfig:
        ):
            return None

-        obj.parse_config_dict(
-            config_dict,
-            config_dir_path=config_dir_path,
-            data_dir_path=data_dir_path,
-            allow_secrets_in_config=config_args.secrets_in_config,
-        )
-        obj.invoke_all("read_arguments", config_args)
-
-        return obj
+        return cls.load_config(description, argv_options)

    def parse_config_dict(
        self,
@@ -907,6 +915,20 @@ class RootConfig:
        existing_config.root = None
        return existing_config

+    def validate_config(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Additional config validation across all config sections.
+
+        Override this in subclasses to add extra validation. This is called once all
+        config option values have been populated.
+
+        XXX: This should only validate, not modify the configuration, as the final
+        config state is required for proper validation across all config sections.
+
+        Raises:
+            ConfigError: if the config is invalid.
+        """
+

 def read_config_files(config_files: Iterable[str]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Read the config files and shallowly merge them into a dict.
--- a/synapse/config/_base.pyi
+++ b/synapse/config/_base.pyi
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ from synapse.config import (  # noqa: F401
    key,
    logger,
    mas,
+    matrixrtc,
    metrics,
    modules,
    oembed,
@@ -126,6 +127,7 @@ class RootConfig:
    auto_accept_invites: auto_accept_invites.AutoAcceptInvitesConfig
    user_types: user_types.UserTypesConfig
    mas: mas.MasConfig
+    matrix_rtc: matrixrtc.MatrixRtcConfig

    config_classes: List[Type["Config"]] = ...
    config_files: List[str]
@@ -156,11 +158,11 @@ class RootConfig:
    ) -> str: ...
    @classmethod
    def load_or_generate_config(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> Optional[TRootConfig]: ...
    @classmethod
    def load_config(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], description: str, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> TRootConfig: ...
    @classmethod
    def add_arguments_to_parser(
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ class RootConfig:
    ) -> None: ...
    @classmethod
    def load_config_with_parser(
-        cls: Type[TRootConfig], parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, argv: List[str]
+        cls: Type[TRootConfig], parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, argv_options: List[str]
    ) -> Tuple[TRootConfig, argparse.Namespace]: ...
    def generate_missing_files(
        self, config_dict: dict, config_dir_path: str
--- a/synapse/config/experimental.py
+++ b/synapse/config/experimental.py
@@ -556,6 +556,12 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
        # MSC4133: Custom profile fields
        self.msc4133_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4133_enabled", False)

+        # MSC4143: Matrix RTC Transport using Livekit Backend
+        self.msc4143_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4143_enabled", False)
+
+        # MSC4169: Backwards-compatible redaction sending using `/send`
+        self.msc4169_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4169_enabled", False)
+
        # MSC4210: Remove legacy mentions
        self.msc4210_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4210_enabled", False)

@@ -590,5 +596,5 @@ class ExperimentalConfig(Config):
        self.msc4293_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4293_enabled", False)

        # MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions
-        # (and MSC4308: sliding sync extension for thread subscriptions)
+        # (and MSC4308: Thread Subscriptions extension to Sliding Sync)
        self.msc4306_enabled: bool = experimental.get("msc4306_enabled", False)
--- a/synapse/config/homeserver.py
+++ b/synapse/config/homeserver.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
 # [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
 #
 #
-from ._base import RootConfig
+
+from ._base import ConfigError, RootConfig
 from .account_validity import AccountValidityConfig
 from .api import ApiConfig
 from .appservice import AppServiceConfig
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ from .jwt import JWTConfig
 from .key import KeyConfig
 from .logger import LoggingConfig
 from .mas import MasConfig
+from .matrixrtc import MatrixRtcConfig
 from .metrics import MetricsConfig
 from .modules import ModulesConfig
 from .oembed import OembedConfig
@@ -66,6 +68,10 @@ from .workers import WorkerConfig


 class HomeServerConfig(RootConfig):
+    """
+    Top-level config object for Synapse homeserver (main process and workers).
+    """
+
    config_classes = [
        ModulesConfig,
        ServerConfig,
@@ -80,6 +86,7 @@ class HomeServerConfig(RootConfig):
        OembedConfig,
        CaptchaConfig,
        VoipConfig,
+        MatrixRtcConfig,
        RegistrationConfig,
        AccountValidityConfig,
        MetricsConfig,
@@ -113,3 +120,22 @@ class HomeServerConfig(RootConfig):
        # This must be last, as it checks for conflicts with other config options.
        MasConfig,
    ]
+
+    def validate_config(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        if (
+            self.registration.enable_registration
+            and not self.registration.enable_registration_without_verification
+        ):
+            if (
+                not self.captcha.enable_registration_captcha
+                and not self.registration.registrations_require_3pid
+                and not self.registration.registration_requires_token
+            ):
+                raise ConfigError(
+                    "You have enabled open registration without any verification. This is a known vector for "
+                    "spam and abuse. If you would like to allow public registration, please consider adding email, "
+                    "captcha, or token-based verification. Otherwise this check can be removed by setting the "
+                    "`enable_registration_without_verification` config option to `true`."
+                )
--- a/synapse/config/logger.py
+++ b/synapse/config/logger.py
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ from twisted.logger import (
 )

 from synapse.logging.context import LoggingContextFilter
-from synapse.logging.filter import MetadataFilter
 from synapse.synapse_rust import reset_logging_config
 from synapse.types import JsonDict

@@ -213,13 +212,11 @@ def _setup_stdlib_logging(
    # writes.

    log_context_filter = LoggingContextFilter()
-    log_metadata_filter = MetadataFilter({"server_name": config.server.server_name})
    old_factory = logging.getLogRecordFactory()

    def factory(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> logging.LogRecord:
        record = old_factory(*args, **kwargs)
        log_context_filter.filter(record)
-        log_metadata_filter.filter(record)
        return record

    logging.setLogRecordFactory(factory)
@@ -348,7 +345,9 @@ def setup_logging(
    # Add a SIGHUP handler to reload the logging configuration, if one is available.
    from synapse.app import _base as appbase

-    appbase.register_sighup(_reload_logging_config, log_config_path)
+    appbase.register_sighup(
+        hs.get_instance_id(), _reload_logging_config, log_config_path
+    )

    # Log immediately so we can grep backwards.
    logger.warning("***** STARTING SERVER *****")
--- a/synapse/config/matrixrtc.py
+++ b/synapse/config/matrixrtc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2025 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from pydantic import ValidationError
+
+from synapse._pydantic_compat import Field, StrictStr, validator
+from synapse.types import JsonDict
+from synapse.util.pydantic_models import ParseModel
+
+from ._base import Config, ConfigError
+
+
+class TransportConfigModel(ParseModel):
+    type: StrictStr
+
+    livekit_service_url: Optional[StrictStr] = Field(default=None)
+    """An optional livekit service URL. Only required if type is "livekit"."""
+
+    @validator("livekit_service_url", always=True)
+    def validate_livekit_service_url(cls, v: Any, values: dict) -> Any:
+        if values.get("type") == "livekit" and not v:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "You must set a `livekit_service_url` when using the 'livekit' transport."
+            )
+
+        return v
+
+
+class MatrixRtcConfigModel(ParseModel):
+    transports: list = []
+
+
+class MatrixRtcConfig(Config):
+    section = "matrix_rtc"
+
+    def read_config(
+        self, config: JsonDict, allow_secrets_in_config: bool, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        matrix_rtc = config.get("matrix_rtc", {})
+        if matrix_rtc is None:
+            matrix_rtc = {}
+
+        try:
+            parsed = MatrixRtcConfigModel(**matrix_rtc)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ConfigError(
+                "Could not validate matrix_rtc config",
+                ("matrix_rtc",),
+            ) from e
+
+        self.transports = parsed.transports
--- a/synapse/config/oembed.py
+++ b/synapse/config/oembed.py
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
 # [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
 #
 #
+import importlib.resources as importlib_resources
 import json
 import re
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Pattern
 from urllib import parse as urlparse

 import attr
-import pkg_resources

 from synapse.types import JsonDict, StrSequence

@@ -64,7 +64,12 @@ class OembedConfig(Config):
        """
        # Whether to use the packaged providers.json file.
        if not oembed_config.get("disable_default_providers") or False:
-            with pkg_resources.resource_stream("synapse", "res/providers.json") as s:
+            path = (
+                importlib_resources.files("synapse")
+                .joinpath("res")
+                .joinpath("providers.json")
+            )
+            with path.open("r", encoding="utf-8") as s:
                providers = json.load(s)

            yield from self._parse_and_validate_provider(
--- a/synapse/config/repository.py
+++ b/synapse/config/repository.py
@@ -120,11 +120,19 @@ def parse_thumbnail_requirements(

@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, slots=True, frozen=True)
 class MediaUploadLimit:
-    """A limit on the amount of data a user can upload in a given time
-    period."""
+    """
+    Represents a limit on the amount of data a user can upload in a given time
+    period.
+
+    These can be configured through the `media_upload_limits` [config option](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/usage/configuration/config_documentation.html#media_upload_limits)
+    or via the `get_media_upload_limits_for_user` module API [callback](https://element-hq.github.io/synapse/latest/modules/media_repository_callbacks.html#get_media_upload_limits_for_user).
+    """

    max_bytes: int
+    """The maximum number of bytes that can be uploaded in the given time period."""
+
    time_period_ms: int
+    """The time period in milliseconds."""


 class ContentRepositoryConfig(Config):
--- a/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
+++ b/synapse/crypto/keyring.py
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class Keyring:
            _FetchKeyRequest, Dict[str, Dict[str, FetchKeyResult]]
        ] = BatchingQueue(
            name="keyring_server",
-            server_name=self.server_name,
+            hs=hs,
            clock=hs.get_clock(),
            # The method called to fetch each key
            process_batch_callback=self._inner_fetch_key_requests,
@@ -194,6 +194,14 @@ class Keyring:
            valid_until_ts=2**63,  # fake future timestamp
        )

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepares the KeyRing for garbage collection by shutting down it's queues.
+        """
+        self._fetch_keys_queue.shutdown()
+        for key_fetcher in self._key_fetchers:
+            key_fetcher.shutdown()
+
    async def verify_json_for_server(
        self,
        server_name: str,
@@ -316,7 +324,7 @@ class Keyring:
            if key_result.valid_until_ts < verify_request.minimum_valid_until_ts:
                continue

-            await self._process_json(key_result.verify_key, verify_request)
+            await self.process_json(key_result.verify_key, verify_request)
            verified = True

        if not verified:
@@ -326,7 +334,7 @@ class Keyring:
                Codes.UNAUTHORIZED,
            )

-    async def _process_json(
+    async def process_json(
        self, verify_key: VerifyKey, verify_request: VerifyJsonRequest
    ) -> None:
        """Processes the `VerifyJsonRequest`. Raises if the signature can't be
@@ -479,11 +487,17 @@ class KeyFetcher(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
        self._queue = BatchingQueue(
            name=self.__class__.__name__,
-            server_name=self.server_name,
+            hs=hs,
            clock=hs.get_clock(),
            process_batch_callback=self._fetch_keys,
        )

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepares the KeyFetcher for garbage collection by shutting down it's queue.
+        """
+        self._queue.shutdown()
+
    async def get_keys(
        self, server_name: str, key_ids: List[str], minimum_valid_until_ts: int
    ) -> Dict[str, FetchKeyResult]:
--- a/synapse/events/auto_accept_invites.py
+++ b/synapse/events/auto_accept_invites.py
@@ -119,7 +119,6 @@ class InviteAutoAccepter:
            event.state_key,
            event.room_id,
            "join",
-            bg_start_span=False,
        )

        if is_direct_message:
--- a/synapse/events/builder.py
+++ b/synapse/events/builder.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
 from synapse.synapse_rust.events import EventInternalMetadata
 from synapse.types import EventID, JsonDict, StrCollection
 from synapse.types.state import StateFilter
-from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock
 from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
        self._get_pdu_cache: ExpiringCache[str, Tuple[EventBase, str]] = ExpiringCache(
            cache_name="get_pdu_cache",
            server_name=self.server_name,
+            hs=self.hs,
            clock=self._clock,
            max_len=1000,
            expiry_ms=120 * 1000,
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
        ] = ExpiringCache(
            cache_name="get_room_hierarchy_cache",
            server_name=self.server_name,
+            hs=self.hs,
            clock=self._clock,
            max_len=1000,
            expiry_ms=5 * 60 * 1000,
@@ -495,6 +497,43 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase):
            )
            return RECOMMENDATION_OK

+    @trace
+    @tag_args
+    async def ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
+        self, destination: str, pdu: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Optional[JsonDict]:
+        """Requests that the destination server (typically a policy server)
+        sign the event as not spam.
+
+        If the policy server could not be contacted or the policy server
+        returned an error, this returns no signature.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The remote homeserver to ask (a policy server)
+            pdu: The event to sign
+            timeout: How long to try (in ms) the destination for before
+                giving up. None indicates no timeout.
+        Returns:
+            The signature from the policy server, structured in the same was as the 'signatures'
+            JSON in the event e.g { "$policy_server_via_domain" : { "ed25519:policy_server": "signature_base64" }}
+        """
+        logger.debug(
+            "ask_policy_server_to_sign_event for event_id=%s from %s",
+            pdu.event_id,
+            destination,
+        )
+        try:
+            return await self.transport_layer.ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
+                destination, pdu, timeout=timeout
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "ask_policy_server_to_sign_event: server %s responded with error: %s",
+                destination,
+                e,
+            )
+        return None
+
    @trace
    @tag_args
    async def get_pdu(
--- a/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/federation_server.py
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class FederationServer(FederationBase):
        # with FederationHandlerRegistry.
        hs.get_directory_handler()

-        self._server_linearizer = Linearizer("fed_server")
+        self._server_linearizer = Linearizer(name="fed_server", clock=hs.get_clock())

        # origins that we are currently processing a transaction from.
        # a dict from origin to txn id.
--- a/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/send_queue.py
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ class FederationRemoteSendQueue(AbstractFederationSender):

        self.clock.looping_call(self._clear_queue, 30 * 1000)

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Stops this federation sender instance from sending further transactions."""
+
    def _next_pos(self) -> int:
        pos = self.pos
        self.pos += 1
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/init.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/init.py
@@ -168,7 +168,6 @@ from synapse.metrics import (
    events_processed_counter,
 )
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
-    run_as_background_process,
    wrap_as_background_process,
 )
 from synapse.types import (
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ from synapse.types import (
    StrCollection,
    get_domain_from_id,
 )
-from synapse.util import Clock
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
 from synapse.util.retryutils import filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter

@@ -232,6 +231,11 @@ WAKEUP_INTERVAL_BETWEEN_DESTINATIONS_SEC = 5


 class AbstractFederationSender(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Stops this federation sender instance from sending further transactions."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def notify_new_events(self, max_token: RoomStreamToken) -> None:
        """This gets called when we have some new events we might want to
@@ -326,6 +330,7 @@ class _DestinationWakeupQueue:
    _MAX_TIME_IN_QUEUE = 30.0

    sender: "FederationSender" = attr.ib()
+    hs: "HomeServer" = attr.ib()
    server_name: str = attr.ib()
    """
    Our homeserver name (used to label metrics) (`hs.hostname`).
@@ -453,18 +458,30 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
            1.0 / hs.config.ratelimiting.federation_rr_transactions_per_room_per_second
        )
        self._destination_wakeup_queue = _DestinationWakeupQueue(
-            self, self.server_name, self.clock, max_delay_s=rr_txn_interval_per_room_s
+            self,
+            hs,
+            self.server_name,
+            self.clock,
+            max_delay_s=rr_txn_interval_per_room_s,
        )

+        # It is important for `_is_shutdown` to be instantiated before the looping call
+        # for `wake_destinations_needing_catchup`.
+        self._is_shutdown = False
+
        # Regularly wake up destinations that have outstanding PDUs to be caught up
        self.clock.looping_call_now(
-            run_as_background_process,
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process,
            WAKEUP_RETRY_PERIOD_SEC * 1000.0,
            "wake_destinations_needing_catchup",
-            self.server_name,
            self._wake_destinations_needing_catchup,
        )

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        self._is_shutdown = True
+        for queue in self._per_destination_queues.values():
+            queue.shutdown()
+
    def _get_per_destination_queue(
        self, destination: str
    ) -> Optional[PerDestinationQueue]:
@@ -503,16 +520,15 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):
            return

        # fire off a processing loop in the background
-        run_as_background_process(
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process(
            "process_event_queue_for_federation",
-            self.server_name,
            self._process_event_queue_loop,
        )

    async def _process_event_queue_loop(self) -> None:
        try:
            self._is_processing = True
-            while True:
+            while not self._is_shutdown:
                last_token = await self.store.get_federation_out_pos("events")
                (
                    next_token,
@@ -1123,7 +1139,7 @@ class FederationSender(AbstractFederationSender):

        last_processed: Optional[str] = None

-        while True:
+        while not self._is_shutdown:
            destinations_to_wake = (
                await self.store.get_catch_up_outstanding_destinations(last_processed)
            )
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/per_destination_queue.py
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Hashable, Iterable, List, Optional, Tupl
 import attr
 from prometheus_client import Counter

+from twisted.internet import defer
+
 from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import (
    FederationDeniedError,
@@ -41,7 +43,6 @@ from synapse.handlers.presence import format_user_presence_state
 from synapse.logging import issue9533_logger
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import SynapseTags, set_tag
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL, sent_transactions_counter
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, ReadReceipt
 from synapse.util.retryutils import NotRetryingDestination, get_retry_limiter
 from synapse.visibility import filter_events_for_server
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ MAX_PRESENCE_STATES_PER_EDU = 50
 class PerDestinationQueue:
    """
    Manages the per-destination transmission queues.
+    Runs until `shutdown()` is called on the queue.

    Args:
        hs
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
        destination: str,
    ):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self._hs = hs
        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
@@ -117,6 +120,8 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:

        self._destination = destination
        self.transmission_loop_running = False
+        self._transmission_loop_enabled = True
+        self.active_transmission_loop: Optional[defer.Deferred] = None

        # Flag to signal to any running transmission loop that there is new data
        # queued up to be sent.
@@ -171,6 +176,20 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return "PerDestinationQueue[%s]" % self._destination

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Instruct the queue to stop processing any further requests"""
+        self._transmission_loop_enabled = False
+        # The transaction manager must be shutdown before cancelling the active
+        # transmission loop. Otherwise the transmission loop can enter a new cycle of
+        # sleeping before retrying since the shutdown flag of the _transaction_manager
+        # hasn't been set yet.
+        self._transaction_manager.shutdown()
+        try:
+            if self.active_transmission_loop is not None:
+                self.active_transmission_loop.cancel()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
    def pending_pdu_count(self) -> int:
        return len(self._pending_pdus)

@@ -309,11 +328,14 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
            )
            return

+        if not self._transmission_loop_enabled:
+            logger.warning("Shutdown has been requested. Not sending transaction")
+            return
+
        logger.debug("TX [%s] Starting transaction loop", self._destination)

-        run_as_background_process(
+        self.active_transmission_loop = self._hs.run_as_background_process(
            "federation_transaction_transmission_loop",
-            self.server_name,
            self._transaction_transmission_loop,
        )

@@ -321,13 +343,13 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
        pending_pdus: List[EventBase] = []
        try:
            self.transmission_loop_running = True
-
            # This will throw if we wouldn't retry. We do this here so we fail
            # quickly, but we will later check this again in the http client,
            # hence why we throw the result away.
            await get_retry_limiter(
                destination=self._destination,
                our_server_name=self.server_name,
+                hs=self._hs,
                clock=self._clock,
                store=self._store,
            )
@@ -339,7 +361,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
                    # not caught up yet
                    return

-            while True:
+            while self._transmission_loop_enabled:
                self._new_data_to_send = False

                async with _TransactionQueueManager(self) as (
@@ -352,8 +374,8 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
                        # If we've gotten told about new things to send during
                        # checking for things to send, we try looking again.
                        # Otherwise new PDUs or EDUs might arrive in the meantime,
-                        # but not get sent because we hold the
-                        # `transmission_loop_running` flag.
+                        # but not get sent because we currently have an
+                        # `_active_transmission_loop` running.
                        if self._new_data_to_send:
                            continue
                        else:
@@ -442,6 +464,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
                )
        finally:
            # We want to be *very* sure we clear this after we stop processing
+            self.active_transmission_loop = None
            self.transmission_loop_running = False

    async def _catch_up_transmission_loop(self) -> None:
@@ -469,7 +492,7 @@ class PerDestinationQueue:
        last_successful_stream_ordering: int = _tmp_last_successful_stream_ordering

        # get at most 50 catchup room/PDUs
-        while True:
+        while self._transmission_loop_enabled:
            event_ids = await self._store.get_catch_up_room_event_ids(
                self._destination, last_successful_stream_ordering
            )
--- a/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/sender/transaction_manager.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes
 from synapse.api.errors import HttpResponseException
 from synapse.events import EventBase
 from synapse.federation.persistence import TransactionActions
-from synapse.federation.units import Edu, Transaction
+from synapse.federation.units import Edu, Transaction, serialize_and_filter_pdus
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
    extract_text_map,
    set_tag,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
 )
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
 from synapse.types import JsonDict
-from synapse.util import json_decoder
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.metrics import measure_func

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -72,6 +72,12 @@ class TransactionManager:
        # HACK to get unique tx id
        self._next_txn_id = int(self.clock.time_msec())

+        self._is_shutdown = False
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        self._is_shutdown = True
+        self._transport_layer.shutdown()
+
    @measure_func("_send_new_transaction")
    async def send_new_transaction(
        self,
@@ -86,6 +92,12 @@ class TransactionManager:
            edus: List of EDUs to send
        """

+        if self._is_shutdown:
+            logger.warning(
+                "TransactionManager has been shutdown, not sending transaction"
+            )
+            return
+
        # Make a transaction-sending opentracing span. This span follows on from
        # all the edus in that transaction. This needs to be done since there is
        # no active span here, so if the edus were not received by the remote the
@@ -119,7 +131,7 @@ class TransactionManager:
                transaction_id=txn_id,
                origin=self.server_name,
                destination=destination,
-                pdus=[p.get_pdu_json() for p in pdus],
+                pdus=serialize_and_filter_pdus(pdus),
                edus=[edu.get_dict() for edu in edus],
            )

--- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
        self.client = hs.get_federation_http_client()
        self._is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name

+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        self.client.shutdown()
+
    async def get_room_state_ids(
        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_id: str
    ) -> JsonDict:
@@ -170,6 +173,32 @@ class TransportLayerClient:
            timeout=timeout,
        )

+    async def ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
+        self, destination: str, event: EventBase, timeout: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> JsonDict:
+        """Requests that the destination server (typically a policy server)
+        sign the event as not spam.
+
+        If the policy server could not be contacted or the policy server
+        returned an error, this raises that error.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The host name of the policy server / homeserver.
+            event: The event to sign.
+            timeout: How long to try (in ms) the destination for before giving up.
+                None indicates no timeout.
+        Returns:
+            The signature from the policy server, structured in the same was as the 'signatures'
+            JSON in the event e.g { "$policy_server_via_domain" : { "ed25519:policy_server": "signature_base64" }}
+        """
+        return await self.client.post_json(
+            destination=destination,
+            path="/_matrix/policy/unstable/org.matrix.msc4284/sign",
+            data=event.get_pdu_json(),
+            ignore_backoff=True,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
    async def backfill(
        self, destination: str, room_id: str, event_tuples: Collection[str], limit: int
    ) -> Optional[Union[JsonDict, list]]:
--- a/synapse/federation/transport/server/init.py
+++ b/synapse/federation/transport/server/init.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class PublicRoomList(BaseFederationServlet):
        if not self.allow_access:
            raise FederationDeniedError(origin)

-        limit = parse_integer_from_args(query, "limit", 0)
+        limit: Optional[int] = parse_integer_from_args(query, "limit", 0)
        since_token = parse_string_from_args(query, "since", None)
        include_all_networks = parse_boolean_from_args(
            query, "include_all_networks", default=False
--- a/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/account_validity.py
@@ -37,10 +37,8 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 class AccountValidityHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        self.hs = hs
-        self.server_name = (
-            hs.hostname
-        )  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process
+        self.hs = hs  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
        self.config = hs.config
        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self.send_email_handler = hs.get_send_email_handler()
--- a/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/appservice.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ from synapse.metrics import (
    event_processing_loop_room_count,
 )
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
-    run_as_background_process,
    wrap_as_background_process,
 )
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.directory import RoomAliasMapping
@@ -76,9 +75,8 @@ events_processed_counter = Counter(

 class ApplicationServicesHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
-        self.server_name = (
-            hs.hostname
-        )  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.hs = hs  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process
        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
        self.appservice_api = hs.get_application_service_api()
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
        self.is_processing = False

        self._ephemeral_events_linearizer = Linearizer(
-            name="appservice_ephemeral_events"
+            name="appservice_ephemeral_events", clock=hs.get_clock()
        )

    def notify_interested_services(self, max_token: RoomStreamToken) -> None:
@@ -171,8 +169,8 @@ class ApplicationServicesHandler:
                                except Exception:
                                    logger.error("Application Services Failure")

-                            run_as_background_process(
-                                "as_scheduler", self.server_name, start_scheduler
+                            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                                "as_scheduler", start_scheduler
                            )
                            self.started_scheduler = True

--- a/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/deactivate_account.py
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional

 from synapse.api.constants import Membership
 from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.replication.http.deactivate_account import (
    ReplicationNotifyAccountDeactivatedServlet,
 )
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class DeactivateAccountHandler:
        # Start the user parter loop so it can resume parting users from rooms where
        # it left off (if it has work left to do).
        if hs.config.worker.worker_app is None:
-            hs.get_reactor().callWhenRunning(self._start_user_parting)
+            hs.get_clock().call_when_running(self._start_user_parting)
        else:
            self._notify_account_deactivated_client = (
                ReplicationNotifyAccountDeactivatedServlet.make_client(hs)
@@ -272,8 +271,8 @@ class DeactivateAccountHandler:
        pending deactivation, if it isn't already running.
        """
        if not self._user_parter_running:
-            run_as_background_process(
-                "user_parter_loop", self.server_name, self._user_parter_loop
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                "user_parter_loop", self._user_parter_loop
            )

    async def _user_parter_loop(self) -> None:
--- a/synapse/handlers/delayed_events.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/delayed_events.py
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
 from twisted.internet.interfaces import IDelayedCall

 from synapse.api.constants import EventTypes
-from synapse.api.errors import ShadowBanError
+from synapse.api.errors import ShadowBanError, SynapseError
 from synapse.api.ratelimiting import Ratelimiter
 from synapse.config.workers import MAIN_PROCESS_INSTANCE_NAME
+from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import set_tag
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL, event_processing_positions
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.replication.http.delayed_events import (
    ReplicationAddedDelayedEventRestServlet,
 )
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ from synapse.types import (
 )
 from synapse.util.events import generate_fake_event_id
 from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
+from synapse.util.sentinel import Sentinel

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from synapse.server import HomeServer
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

 class DelayedEventsHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.hs = hs
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
@@ -90,7 +92,10 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
                hs.get_notifier().add_replication_callback(self.notify_new_event)
                # Kick off again (without blocking) to catch any missed notifications
                # that may have fired before the callback was added.
-                self._clock.call_later(0, self.notify_new_event)
+                self._clock.call_later(
+                    0,
+                    self.notify_new_event,
+                )

                # Delayed events that are already marked as processed on startup might not have been
                # sent properly on the last run of the server, so unmark them to send them again.
@@ -108,15 +113,14 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
                    self._schedule_next_at(next_send_ts)

                # Can send the events in background after having awaited on marking them as processed
-                run_as_background_process(
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                    "_send_events",
-                    self.server_name,
                    self._send_events,
                    events,
                )

-            self._initialized_from_db = run_as_background_process(
-                "_schedule_db_events", self.server_name, _schedule_db_events
+            self._initialized_from_db = self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                "_schedule_db_events", _schedule_db_events
            )
        else:
            self._repl_client = ReplicationAddedDelayedEventRestServlet.make_client(hs)
@@ -141,15 +145,40 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
            finally:
                self._event_processing = False

-        run_as_background_process(
-            "delayed_events.notify_new_event", self.server_name, process
-        )
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process("delayed_events.notify_new_event", process)

    async def _unsafe_process_new_event(self) -> None:
+        # We purposefully fetch the current max room stream ordering before
+        # doing anything else, as it could increment duing processing of state
+        # deltas. We want to avoid updating `delayed_events_stream_pos` past
+        # the stream ordering of the state deltas we've processed. Otherwise
+        # we'll leave gaps in our processing.
+        room_max_stream_ordering = self._store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+
+        # Check that there are actually any delayed events to process. If not, bail early.
+        delayed_events_count = await self._store.get_count_of_delayed_events()
+        if delayed_events_count == 0:
+            # There are no delayed events to process. Update the
+            # `delayed_events_stream_pos` to the latest `events` stream pos and
+            # exit early.
+            self._event_pos = room_max_stream_ordering
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "No delayed events to process. Updating `delayed_events_stream_pos` to max stream ordering (%s)",
+                room_max_stream_ordering,
+            )
+
+            await self._store.update_delayed_events_stream_pos(room_max_stream_ordering)
+
+            event_processing_positions.labels(
+                name="delayed_events", **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+            ).set(room_max_stream_ordering)
+
+            return
+
        # If self._event_pos is None then means we haven't fetched it from the DB yet
        if self._event_pos is None:
            self._event_pos = await self._store.get_delayed_events_stream_pos()
-            room_max_stream_ordering = self._store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
            if self._event_pos > room_max_stream_ordering:
                # apparently, we've processed more events than exist in the database!
                # this can happen if events are removed with history purge or similar.
@@ -167,7 +196,7 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
                self._clock, name="delayed_events_delta", server_name=self.server_name
            ):
                room_max_stream_ordering = self._store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
-                if self._event_pos == room_max_stream_ordering:
+                if self._event_pos >= room_max_stream_ordering:
                    return

                logger.debug(
@@ -202,23 +231,81 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
        Process current state deltas to cancel other users' pending delayed events
        that target the same state.
        """
+        # Get the senders of each delta's state event (as sender information is
+        # not currently stored in the `current_state_deltas` table).
+        event_id_and_sender_dict = await self._store.get_senders_for_event_ids(
+            [delta.event_id for delta in deltas if delta.event_id is not None]
+        )
+
+        # Note: No need to batch as `get_current_state_deltas` will only ever
+        # return 100 rows at a time.
        for delta in deltas:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Handling: %r %r, %s", delta.event_type, delta.state_key, delta.event_id
+            )
+
+            # `delta.event_id` and `delta.sender` can be `None` in a few valid
+            # cases (see the docstring of
+            # `get_current_state_delta_membership_changes_for_user` for details).
            if delta.event_id is None:
-                logger.debug(
-                    "Not handling delta for deleted state: %r %r",
+                # TODO: Differentiate between this being caused by a state reset
+                # which removed a user from a room, or the homeserver
+                # purposefully having left the room. We can do so by checking
+                # whether there are any local memberships still left in the
+                # room. If so, then this is the result of a state reset.
+                #
+                # If it is a state reset, we should avoid cancelling new,
+                # delayed state events due to old state resurfacing. So we
+                # should skip and log a warning in this case.
+                #
+                # If the homeserver has left the room, then we should cancel all
+                # delayed state events intended for this room, as there is no
+                # need to try and send a delayed event into a room we've left.
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Skipping state delta (%r, %r) without corresponding event ID. "
+                    "This can happen if the homeserver has left the room (in which "
+                    "case this can be ignored), or if there has been a state reset "
+                    "which has caused the sender to be kicked out of the room",
                    delta.event_type,
                    delta.state_key,
                )
                continue

-            logger.debug(
-                "Handling: %r %r, %s", delta.event_type, delta.state_key, delta.event_id
+            sender_str = event_id_and_sender_dict.get(
+                delta.event_id, Sentinel.UNSET_SENTINEL
            )
-
-            event = await self._store.get_event(delta.event_id, allow_none=True)
-            if not event:
+            if sender_str is None:
+                # An event exists, but the `sender` field was "null" and Synapse
+                # incorrectly accepted the event. This is not expected.
+                logger.error(
+                    "Skipping state delta with event ID '%s' as 'sender' was None. "
+                    "This is unexpected - please report it as a bug!",
+                    delta.event_id,
+                )
+                continue
+            if sender_str is Sentinel.UNSET_SENTINEL:
+                # We have an event ID, but the event was not found in the
+                # datastore. This can happen if a room, or its history, is
+                # purged. State deltas related to the room are left behind, but
+                # the event no longer exists.
+                #
+                # As we cannot get the sender of this event, we can't calculate
+                # whether to cancel delayed events related to this one. So we skip.
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Skipping state delta with event ID '%s' - the room, or its history, may have been purged",
+                    delta.event_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                sender = UserID.from_string(sender_str)
+            except SynapseError as e:
+                logger.error(
+                    "Skipping state delta with Matrix User ID '%s' that failed to parse: %s",
+                    sender_str,
+                    e,
+                )
                continue
-            sender = UserID.from_string(event.sender)

            next_send_ts = await self._store.cancel_delayed_state_events(
                room_id=delta.room_id,
@@ -328,7 +415,7 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
            requester,
            (requester.user.to_string(), requester.device_id),
        )
-        await self._initialized_from_db
+        await make_deferred_yieldable(self._initialized_from_db)

        next_send_ts = await self._store.cancel_delayed_event(
            delay_id=delay_id,
@@ -354,7 +441,7 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
            requester,
            (requester.user.to_string(), requester.device_id),
        )
-        await self._initialized_from_db
+        await make_deferred_yieldable(self._initialized_from_db)

        next_send_ts = await self._store.restart_delayed_event(
            delay_id=delay_id,
@@ -380,7 +467,7 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
        # Use standard request limiter for sending delayed events on-demand,
        # as an on-demand send is similar to sending a regular event.
        await self._request_ratelimiter.ratelimit(requester)
-        await self._initialized_from_db
+        await make_deferred_yieldable(self._initialized_from_db)

        event, next_send_ts = await self._store.process_target_delayed_event(
            delay_id=delay_id,
@@ -453,9 +540,8 @@ class DelayedEventsHandler:
        if self._next_delayed_event_call is None:
            self._next_delayed_event_call = self._clock.call_later(
                delay_sec,
-                run_as_background_process,
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process,
                "_send_on_timeout",
-                self.server_name,
                self._send_on_timeout,
            )
        else:
--- a/synapse/handlers/device.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/device.py
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ from synapse.api.errors import (
 )
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import log_kv, set_tag, trace
 from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
-    run_as_background_process,
    wrap_as_background_process,
 )
 from synapse.replication.http.devices import (
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ class DeviceHandler:
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
-        self.hs = hs
+        self.hs = hs  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process
        self.store = cast("GenericWorkerStore", hs.get_datastores().main)
        self.notifier = hs.get_notifier()
        self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
@@ -191,10 +190,9 @@ class DeviceHandler:
            and self._delete_stale_devices_after is not None
        ):
            self.clock.looping_call(
-                run_as_background_process,
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process,
                DELETE_STALE_DEVICES_INTERVAL_MS,
                desc="delete_stale_devices",
-                server_name=self.server_name,
                func=self._delete_stale_devices,
            )

@@ -963,10 +961,9 @@ class DeviceWriterHandler(DeviceHandler):

    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        super().__init__(hs)
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
+        self.hs = hs  # nb must be called this for @wrap_as_background_process

-        self.server_name = (
-            hs.hostname
-        )  # nb must be called this for @measure_func and @wrap_as_background_process
        # We only need to poke the federation sender explicitly if its on the
        # same instance. Other federation sender instances will get notified by
        # `synapse.app.generic_worker.FederationSenderHandler` when it sees it
@@ -1002,7 +999,7 @@ class DeviceWriterHandler(DeviceHandler):
        # rolling-restarting Synapse.
        if self._is_main_device_list_writer:
            # On start up check if there are any updates pending.
-            hs.get_reactor().callWhenRunning(self._handle_new_device_update_async)
+            hs.get_clock().call_when_running(self._handle_new_device_update_async)
            self.device_list_updater = DeviceListUpdater(hs, self)
            hs.get_federation_registry().register_edu_handler(
                EduTypes.DEVICE_LIST_UPDATE,
@@ -1444,14 +1441,18 @@ class DeviceListUpdater(DeviceListWorkerUpdater):
    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer", device_handler: DeviceWriterHandler):
        super().__init__(hs)

-        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.hs = hs
        self.federation = hs.get_federation_client()
        self.server_name = hs.hostname  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()  # nb must be called this for @measure_func
        self.device_handler = device_handler

-        self._remote_edu_linearizer = Linearizer(name="remote_device_list")
-        self._resync_linearizer = Linearizer(name="remote_device_resync")
+        self._remote_edu_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="remote_device_list", clock=self.clock
+        )
+        self._resync_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="remote_device_resync", clock=self.clock
+        )

        # user_id -> list of updates waiting to be handled.
        self._pending_updates: Dict[
@@ -1464,6 +1465,7 @@ class DeviceListUpdater(DeviceListWorkerUpdater):
        self._seen_updates: ExpiringCache[str, Set[str]] = ExpiringCache(
            cache_name="device_update_edu",
            server_name=self.server_name,
+            hs=self.hs,
            clock=self.clock,
            max_len=10000,
            expiry_ms=30 * 60 * 1000,
@@ -1473,9 +1475,8 @@ class DeviceListUpdater(DeviceListWorkerUpdater):
        # Attempt to resync out of sync device lists every 30s.
        self._resync_retry_lock = Lock()
        self.clock.looping_call(
-            run_as_background_process,
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process,
            30 * 1000,
-            server_name=self.server_name,
            func=self._maybe_retry_device_resync,
            desc="_maybe_retry_device_resync",
        )
@@ -1595,9 +1596,8 @@ class DeviceListUpdater(DeviceListWorkerUpdater):
            if resync:
                # We mark as stale up front in case we get restarted.
                await self.store.mark_remote_users_device_caches_as_stale([user_id])
-                run_as_background_process(
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                    "_maybe_retry_device_resync",
-                    self.server_name,
                    self.multi_user_device_resync,
                    [user_id],
                    False,
--- a/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/devicemessage.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
    set_tag,
 )
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester, StreamKeyType, UserID, get_domain_from_id
-from synapse.util import json_encoder
+from synapse.util.json import json_encoder
 from synapse.util.stringutils import random_string

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
--- a/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/e2e_keys.py
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ from synapse.types import (
    get_domain_from_id,
    get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key,
 )
-from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, concurrently_execute
 from synapse.util.cancellation import cancellable
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.retryutils import (
    NotRetryingDestination,
    filter_destinations_by_retry_limiter,
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

-
 ONE_TIME_KEY_UPLOAD = "one_time_key_upload_lock"


@@ -112,8 +111,7 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:

        # Limit the number of in-flight requests from a single device.
        self._query_devices_linearizer = Linearizer(
-            name="query_devices",
-            max_count=10,
+            name="query_devices", max_count=10, clock=hs.get_clock()
        )

        self._query_appservices_for_otks = (
@@ -848,14 +846,22 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
        """
        time_now = self.clock.time_msec()

-        # TODO: Validate the JSON to make sure it has the right keys.
        device_keys = keys.get("device_keys", None)
        if device_keys:
+            log_kv(
+                {
+                    "message": "Updating device_keys for user.",
+                    "user_id": user_id,
+                    "device_id": device_id,
+                }
+            )
            await self.upload_device_keys_for_user(
                user_id=user_id,
                device_id=device_id,
                keys={"device_keys": device_keys},
            )
+        else:
+            log_kv({"message": "Did not update device_keys", "reason": "not a dict"})

        one_time_keys = keys.get("one_time_keys", None)
        if one_time_keys:
@@ -873,10 +879,9 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
            log_kv(
                {"message": "Did not update one_time_keys", "reason": "no keys given"}
            )
-        fallback_keys = keys.get("fallback_keys") or keys.get(
-            "org.matrix.msc2732.fallback_keys"
-        )
-        if fallback_keys and isinstance(fallback_keys, dict):
+
+        fallback_keys = keys.get("fallback_keys")
+        if fallback_keys:
            log_kv(
                {
                    "message": "Updating fallback_keys for device.",
@@ -885,8 +890,6 @@ class E2eKeysHandler:
                }
            )
            await self.store.set_e2e_fallback_keys(user_id, device_id, fallback_keys)
-        elif fallback_keys:
-            log_kv({"message": "Did not update fallback_keys", "reason": "not a dict"})
        else:
            log_kv(
                {"message": "Did not update fallback_keys", "reason": "no keys given"}
@@ -1765,7 +1768,9 @@ class SigningKeyEduUpdater:
        assert isinstance(device_handler, DeviceWriterHandler)
        self._device_handler = device_handler

-        self._remote_edu_linearizer = Linearizer(name="remote_signing_key")
+        self._remote_edu_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="remote_signing_key", clock=self.clock
+        )

        # user_id -> list of updates waiting to be handled.
        self._pending_updates: Dict[str, List[Tuple[JsonDict, JsonDict]]] = {}
--- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ from synapse.http.servlet import assert_params_in_dict
 from synapse.logging.context import nested_logging_context
 from synapse.logging.opentracing import SynapseTags, set_tag, tag_args, trace
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.module_api import NOT_SPAM
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventRedactBehaviour
 from synapse.storage.invite_rule import InviteRule
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ class FederationHandler:
        self._notifier = hs.get_notifier()
        self._worker_locks = hs.get_worker_locks_handler()

-        self._room_backfill = Linearizer("room_backfill")
+        self._room_backfill = Linearizer(name="room_backfill", clock=self.clock)

        self._third_party_event_rules = (
            hs.get_module_api_callbacks().third_party_event_rules
@@ -180,16 +179,16 @@ class FederationHandler:
        # When the lock is held for a given room, no other concurrent code may
        # partial state or un-partial state the room.
        self._is_partial_state_room_linearizer = Linearizer(
-            name="_is_partial_state_room_linearizer"
+            name="_is_partial_state_room_linearizer",
+            clock=self.clock,
        )

        # if this is the main process, fire off a background process to resume
        # any partial-state-resync operations which were in flight when we
        # were shut down.
        if not hs.config.worker.worker_app:
-            run_as_background_process(
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                "resume_sync_partial_state_room",
-                self.server_name,
                self._resume_partial_state_room_sync,
            )

@@ -317,9 +316,8 @@ class FederationHandler:
            logger.debug(
                "_maybe_backfill_inner: all backfill points are *after* current depth. Trying again with later backfill points."
            )
-            run_as_background_process(
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                "_maybe_backfill_inner_anyway_with_max_depth",
-                self.server_name,
                self.maybe_backfill,
                room_id=room_id,
                # We use `MAX_DEPTH` so that we find all backfill points next
@@ -801,9 +799,8 @@ class FederationHandler:
            # lots of requests for missing prev_events which we do actually
            # have. Hence we fire off the background task, but don't wait for it.

-            run_as_background_process(
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                "handle_queued_pdus",
-                self.server_name,
                self._handle_queued_pdus,
                room_queue,
            )
@@ -1876,9 +1873,8 @@ class FederationHandler:
                            room_id=room_id,
                        )

-        run_as_background_process(
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process(
            desc="sync_partial_state_room",
-            server_name=self.server_name,
            func=_sync_partial_state_room_wrapper,
        )

--- a/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/federation_event.py
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ from synapse.logging.opentracing import (
    trace,
 )
 from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.replication.http.federation import (
    ReplicationFederationSendEventsRestServlet,
 )
@@ -153,6 +152,7 @@ class FederationEventHandler:

    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.hs = hs
        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
        self._store = hs.get_datastores().main
        self._state_store = hs.get_datastores().state
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
        )
        self._notifier = hs.get_notifier()

+        self._server_name = hs.hostname
        self._is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
        self._is_mine_server_name = hs.is_mine_server_name
        self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
        # federation event staging area.
        self.room_queues: Dict[str, List[Tuple[EventBase, str]]] = {}

-        self._room_pdu_linearizer = Linearizer("fed_room_pdu")
+        self._room_pdu_linearizer = Linearizer(name="fed_room_pdu", clock=self._clock)

    async def on_receive_pdu(self, origin: str, pdu: EventBase) -> None:
        """Process a PDU received via a federation /send/ transaction
@@ -974,9 +975,8 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
        # Process previously failed backfill events in the background to not waste
        # time on something that is likely to fail again.
        if len(events_with_failed_pull_attempts) > 0:
-            run_as_background_process(
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                "_process_new_pulled_events_with_failed_pull_attempts",
-                self.server_name,
                _process_new_pulled_events,
                events_with_failed_pull_attempts,
            )
@@ -1568,9 +1568,8 @@ class FederationEventHandler:
                    resync = True

            if resync:
-                run_as_background_process(
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                    "resync_device_due_to_pdu",
-                    self.server_name,
                    self._resync_device,
                    event.sender,
                )
--- a/synapse/handlers/identity.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/identity.py
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ from synapse.http import RequestTimedOutError
 from synapse.http.client import SimpleHttpClient
 from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, Requester
-from synapse.util import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.hash import sha256_and_url_safe_base64
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.stringutils import (
    assert_valid_client_secret,
    random_string,
--- a/synapse/handlers/message.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/message.py
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ from synapse.handlers.directory import DirectoryHandler
 from synapse.handlers.worker_lock import NEW_EVENT_DURING_PURGE_LOCK_NAME
 from synapse.logging import opentracing
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable, run_in_background
-from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import run_as_background_process
 from synapse.replication.http.send_events import ReplicationSendEventsRestServlet
 from synapse.storage.databases.main.events_worker import EventRedactBehaviour
 from synapse.types import (
@@ -81,9 +80,10 @@ from synapse.types import (
    create_requester,
 )
 from synapse.types.state import StateFilter
-from synapse.util import json_decoder, json_encoder, log_failure, unwrapFirstError
+from synapse.util import log_failure, unwrapFirstError
 from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer, gather_results
 from synapse.util.caches.expiringcache import ExpiringCache
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder, json_encoder
 from synapse.util.metrics import measure_func
 from synapse.visibility import get_effective_room_visibility_from_state

@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ class MessageHandler:

    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.hs = hs
        self.auth = hs.get_auth()
        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
        self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
@@ -112,8 +113,8 @@ class MessageHandler:
        self._scheduled_expiry: Optional[IDelayedCall] = None

        if not hs.config.worker.worker_app:
-            run_as_background_process(
-                "_schedule_next_expiry", self.server_name, self._schedule_next_expiry
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+                "_schedule_next_expiry", self._schedule_next_expiry
            )

    async def get_room_data(
@@ -443,9 +444,8 @@ class MessageHandler:

        self._scheduled_expiry = self.clock.call_later(
            delay,
-            run_as_background_process,
+            self.hs.run_as_background_process,
            "_expire_event",
-            self.server_name,
            self._expire_event,
            event_id,
        )
@@ -512,7 +512,9 @@ class EventCreationHandler:

        # We limit concurrent event creation for a room to 1. This prevents state resolution
        # from occurring when sending bursts of events to a local room
-        self.limiter = Linearizer(max_count=1, name="room_event_creation_limit")
+        self.limiter = Linearizer(
+            max_count=1, name="room_event_creation_limit", clock=self.clock
+        )

        self._bulk_push_rule_evaluator = hs.get_bulk_push_rule_evaluator()

@@ -545,9 +547,8 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
            and self.config.server.cleanup_extremities_with_dummy_events
        ):
            self.clock.looping_call(
-                lambda: run_as_background_process(
+                lambda: self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                    "send_dummy_events_to_fill_extremities",
-                    self.server_name,
                    self._send_dummy_events_to_fill_extremities,
                ),
                5 * 60 * 1000,
@@ -567,6 +568,7 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
            self._external_cache_joined_hosts_updates = ExpiringCache(
                cache_name="_external_cache_joined_hosts_updates",
                server_name=self.server_name,
+                hs=self.hs,
                clock=self.clock,
                expiry_ms=30 * 60 * 1000,
            )
@@ -1013,14 +1015,37 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
            await self.clock.sleep(random.randint(1, 10))
            raise ShadowBanError()

-        if ratelimit:
+        room_version = None
+
+        if (
+            event_dict["type"] == EventTypes.Redaction
+            and "redacts" in event_dict["content"]
+            and self.hs.config.experimental.msc4169_enabled
+        ):
            room_id = event_dict["room_id"]
            try:
                room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
            except NotFoundError:
-                # The room doesn't exist.
                raise AuthError(403, f"User {requester.user} not in room {room_id}")

+            if not room_version.updated_redaction_rules:
+                # Legacy room versions need the "redacts" field outside of the event's
+                # content. However clients may still send it within the content, so move
+                # the field if necessary for compatibility.
+                redacts = event_dict.get("redacts") or event_dict["content"].pop(
+                    "redacts", None
+                )
+                if redacts is not None and "redacts" not in event_dict:
+                    event_dict["redacts"] = redacts
+
+        if ratelimit:
+            if room_version is None:
+                room_id = event_dict["room_id"]
+                try:
+                    room_version = await self.store.get_room_version(room_id)
+                except NotFoundError:
+                    raise AuthError(403, f"User {requester.user} not in room {room_id}")
+
            if room_version.updated_redaction_rules:
                redacts = event_dict["content"].get("redacts")
            else:
@@ -1114,6 +1139,12 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
                assert self.hs.is_mine_id(event.sender), "User must be our own: %s" % (
                    event.sender,
                )
+                # if this room uses a policy server, try to get a signature now.
+                # We use verify=False here as we are about to call is_event_allowed on the same event
+                # which will do sig checks.
+                await self._policy_handler.ask_policy_server_to_sign_event(
+                    event, verify=False
+                )

                policy_allowed = await self._policy_handler.is_event_allowed(event)
                if not policy_allowed:
@@ -2081,9 +2112,8 @@ class EventCreationHandler:
            if event.type == EventTypes.Message:
                # We don't want to block sending messages on any presence code. This
                # matters as sometimes presence code can take a while.
-                run_as_background_process(
+                self.hs.run_as_background_process(
                    "bump_presence_active_time",
-                    self.server_name,
                    self._bump_active_time,
                    requester.user,
                    requester.device_id,
--- a/synapse/handlers/oidc.py
+++ b/synapse/handlers/oidc.py
@@ -67,8 +67,9 @@ from synapse.http.site import SynapseRequest
 from synapse.logging.context import make_deferred_yieldable
 from synapse.module_api import ModuleApi
 from synapse.types import JsonDict, UserID, map_username_to_mxid_localpart
-from synapse.util import Clock, json_decoder
 from synapse.util.caches.cached_call import RetryOnExceptionCachedCall
+from synapse.util.clock import Clock
+from synapse.util.json import json_decoder
 from synapse.util.macaroons import MacaroonGenerator, OidcSessionData
 from synapse.util.templates import _localpart_from_email_filter

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Remove obsolete and experimental `/sync/e2ee` endpoint.
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Fix `LaterGauge` metrics to collect from all servers.
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Configure Synapse to run MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions Complement tests.`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Fix bug where we did not send invite revocations over federation.`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Update push rules for experimental [MSC4306: Thread Subscriptions](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/issues/4306) to follow newer draft.`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Use the `Enum`'s value for the dictionary key when responding to an admin request for experimental features.
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Suppress "Applying schema" log noise bulk when `SYNAPSE_LOG_TESTING` is set.
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Start background tasks after we fork the process (daemonize).`
				`@@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				Better explain how we manage the logcontext in `run_in_background(...)` and `run_as_background_process(...)`.